CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
({Monographs) 


ICIMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notai  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any 
of  the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming,  are 
checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il 
lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.   Les  details  de  cat 
excmplaire  qui  sont  peut-4tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue 
bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  iin«  image 
reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modificat'on 
dans  la  mithode  normale  de  f  ilmage  sont  indiqu^ 
ci-dessous. 


E 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


Covers  damaged/ 
1^  I  Couverture  endommagte 

□  Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculie 


n  Cover  title  ( 
Le  titre  de  ( 


Cover  title  missing/ 

I  couverture  manque 


□  Coloured  maps/ 
Caites  giographiques  en  couleur 

□  Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


n 


n 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  interieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  aiouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  etait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ete  filmees. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


□  Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Q  Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

□  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculies 

0  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  decolories.  tacheties  ou  piquees 

□  Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachies 

EShowthrough/ 
Transparence 


D 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 


I        I  Continuous  pagination/ 


D 


Pagination  continue 

Includes  index(es)/ 
Comprend  un  (des)  index 

Title  on  header  taken  from:/ 
Le  titre  de  I'en-tCte  provient: 


□  Title  page  of  issue/ 
Page  de  titre  de  la  livraison 

□  Caption  of  issue/ 
Titre  de  depart  de  la  livraison 

□  Masthead/ 
Generique  (periodiques)  de  la  livraison 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filme  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X 


22X 


26  X 


30X 


M/ Mill 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32  X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Thomas  Fliher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  griec  i  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^'  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  tti  raproduitas  avac  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  da  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettfltA  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  at  an 
conformity  avac  les  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papier  est  imprim*a  sont  filmte  an  commanpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  an  termlnant  solt  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  amprainta 
d'impression  ou  d'illustrat)on,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  hi  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmis  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  una  amprainta 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporta  una  talla 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  salon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — •-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  ate,  pauvant  Atre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY  RESOLUTIOf    TEST  CHART 

NATIONAL  BUREAU  OF  STANDARDS 

STANDARD  REFERENCE  MATERIAL  1010a 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


CANADIAN  SENTIMENT  FOK  CANADA,  THE 
REFUBUC  AND  GKEAT  BMTAIN. 


AN  ADDRESS 


E  W.  THOMSON 


•n 


Attthor  aad  Jfotmulis^  Spedal  Conapondcot  Boiton  Trttiaaipt, 

OtUwa»  Out. 


DEtlVESED  BSrORE 


The  Intercolonial  Qub  of  Boston 

MAY  I,  1905, 

AsmI  AAittsMKM  in  Re^onse  by  Messn. 

W.  J.  ODONNELL, 
H0IRY  J.  CUNNINGHAM, 
CHARLES  H.  MdNTYRE, 
W.  BENNETT  MUNRO,  Ph.D. 


^^^^ 
.<«: 


Canadian    Skniimkni    for   Canada, 


R 


niH     KKl'L'HLK",    AND    IjRKAI      ORITAIN 


c 


Bi 


Canadian  Sentiment  for  Canada,  the 
Republic,  and  Great  Britain. 


ADDRESS  BY  E.  W.  THOMSON. 


Mr.  JG     N  A.  CAMPBELL, 

I'l.    1(1.  iit  .if  111.'  Iiu.Tiu  .iiiial  (  '  ill.  ill  iiiiiu.liic  iiiK  Mr.  ■IJi.iin.sun.  j^poUo 

ill  imrt  .•!»  t'iilliiw<; 
I'l  ll.iw -iiii'iiiliii-i  Mild  (Jiu'sis: 

l*ur»ii,iiii  III  til.,  policy  ,ii  .)iii-  (  Irh  m  iiivlt.'  l.MiliT.s  In  th,.  viirious 
walk.>(  if  lifr  to  acldiiv*  us  at  our  moiitlily  jiatlirrlimsi.  wp  liavr  lor  our 
|irjii(l|ial  s|MMk,.r  mid  j-"''*!  mi  ihw  ocasli.ii  a  neiit  I. '1111111  who  liolls  a 
hiuli  pill,  (•  ill  111,.  ii,.|,'  ,if  liilfriiali.iii.il  jniiiiiRlisni.  .die  who  hy  h\<  coii- 
trlliiiiiiiii-  til  t;i,'  pn— ■  of  ilii.^  .iiiiiiiry  ha.-  ilmn'  iniuh  to  pacr  ilic  so.-ial 
Hiid  loiitlial  roiiditiiiiis  11!  (Miiada  in  .1  prop.  1  lii;|it  licf.irc  ihr  .\in  rlciii 
piihlic  and  to  ciratf  ,1  iMit.r  und.'isi.indlnu  l)"i\vft>n  th.'  two  i'..iintrit>8, 
iitii;  who.  hy  his  pn-cniiiicni  fairin'ss.  ,-,  tiii;i,.s  to  jj;ivf  u>.  tlic  Ix'st 
and  most  irusiw.irthy  account  of  th.'  political  I'.cvcl.ipincnts  in  ran.-nlaio 
hf  fiiuiid  in  the  .iirrcnt  prcsc.  1  li.ivc  iniii  h  idia^ii-'e  In  l.itroluciiiK  to 
.>'iiu  Mr.  !•;.  W.  Thomson,  the  'iitawa  ■  orifspoiul.'iit  if  the  Boston  Trans- 
cript, who  is  111  «pi.ak  iipun  '•< '.madian  Si'iitliiit>nt  for  I'anad.i,  the 
K.'piilili.'.   and   i;r.;it    nrilain." 


Mr.  THOMSCN  iln^n  sp,,k..  m.s  follows: 
Mr.   f're.sidcnt  and  ticntlciiH-n:  — 

In  the  note  liy  whUh  .\Ir.  ODoniiell,  your  treasurer,  save  me  your 
.kind  invitation  to  appear  here  this  evening,  he  mentioned  that  the 
Inti'i-colonial  Club  is  made  up  of  .American  citizens  who  ivere  formerly 
Canadians.  That  fa.t  puts  me  in  the  situation  of  the  man  vlio  <'arries 
ciial  to  Newcastle,  or  leather  to  Boston.  It  (h)es  so  liecause  I  mean  to 
discourse  of  Canadian  sentiment  toward  the  Dominion  and  toward  the 
Ueptiblic.  thoiiKh  you  niu.st  nU  know  that  seniimeiit  as  well  ,is  I  do. 
That  Is  not  saying  that  any  of  us  know  all  about  it.  for  political  senti- 


inp^t  In  a  very  flimlv*'  lomllilon  of  niiii<l.  ami  a  very  .hanuHalilv  i>n«*. 
)t   Im  not  i-any  tor  any  man  t<>  <l«'nn     »*v»-n  IiIm  own  H»'ntlnientH  In  a 
roni|illtatH«l  iMMltlial  affair,  hih  h   for  i        inc.-  aw  that  of  the  ri'latlonn 
of  tlip  K»'|)iil»lli'  to  fti»'  KlllpinoH.  or  that  of  (Sri'at  Britain  to  the  HoprH, 
for  we  feel  apparentl>  contraillrtory  neniln.entH  Hlnniltaneoimly  In  i»inh 
nialtern.     How  niiich    more  <lim«  iilt   to  tliaKnoM«-   the  sentlniint   of  mIx 
million   people   reHpeitlnti;   nel»{hl>ort«,    and    reHiiecthm   political    coiirHeH 
that  may  be  open  to  ihemttelveH     If  CanaillanM  were  all  of  ime  race  ami 
creed    It    woiilil    (ttlll    l>e    difficult    to   specify    their    steiiti-.nentK    towards 
Canada  and  towards  the  States,  for  the  Kntsllsh-speakinK  Protestants 
are  of  various  minds  In  this  nspcct.  divided  amonK  themselves.  Just  ns 
the  French  and  the  Scoti  h  and  Irish  Catholics  are.     The  census  of  I'.ttil 
showrt  ihB'   Canada  Is  n  country  of   If.'i  relljjions.  and  thirty  different 
breeds  of  itier  and   women.     Substantially  all  the  wrown-up  men   have 
votes,  and  arc   in   that   sense  Canadians.     They  are  all  on   a   l)asis  of 
political  equailty.  for  one  vote  Is  as  uood  as  another.     Kvcry  cle<for 
possesses  all  the  rlnhts  of  free  speech   ami   persuaslo:.  that   any    pos- 
sesses.    The  iM>wer  of  each  to  make  his  own  si-ntlments  prevail  Is  lim- 
ited only  by  his  ability  In  persuasion  and  by  his  courage  in  employin« 
that  abiiltv.     Canadians  themselves  do  not   Invariably  remember  this. 
Some  of  us  are  apt  to  talk  and  write  us  If  the  sentiments  of  their  par- 
ticular breed,  class  or  (  reed  wcie  somehow  peculiarly  entitled  to  para- 
mountcy.     For  Instance,  a  lew  days  lieii  re  1  left  Ottawa  a  ilevcr  dally 
paper  there  aliened   that   the  sentiment   of  Canadians.   In   respeit   of  a 
measure  proposed  by  the  (Jovernnient.  wfi.t  correctly  evlnc<  ,1  b-   a  re- 
cent  eleclhm   in  the 'good  city  of  Toronto    where  the  people  i.ostly 
of  British   orlKin   and    I'rotestant    persuasion.     The   pap  r    we.it   on   to 
declare   that    Canadian    sentiment    would   not    be  evinced    in   a   pendinj! 
eleititn  in  the  prairie  West,  because  seventy-two  per  cent,  of  the  pecpe 
piitilUMi   to  v.ilc  in  ih.ii    Western   eerlioii  are  Scaiidiuavlaii>.    Uu>i--iaiis, 
(Jermans.  Austrians.   Fiench.  or  ha'  -breeds,  and  a  very   large  propor- 
ti.in  of  them  are   Bomaii  nr  C.reeli  Catholics      Yet   those  constituen.ies 
are  equally  Canadian   in  the  eye  i>r  the  law.  and   ecpially   powerful   in 
Parliament.     In  the  Province  of  Quebec  one  may  be  told  that  the  sen- 
timents of  the  French-Canadians  arc  those  of  Canada.     The  ctmstitu 
tion  of  the  countiy  i)rovides  such  a  democracy  that  th'    political  senti- 
ment of  the  Dominion  <an  i)e  ascertained  only  by  ( tinsiderinB  what  the 
Dominion  iloes  as  the  result  of  electoral  conflicts  in  which  every  Kind 
of  voter  is  p(»lled.    Still  individual  Canadians  are  all  apt  to  credit  their 
fellnw-countrvmen  with  their  own  immediate  sentiments.     .lust  so  with 
/        ricans.     At  election  times  you   may   hear  Democrats  and    [{epiibli- 
cans  alike  propounding  their  views  as  those  of  the  Itepulilic  at   large. 
The  three  tailors  of  Tooley  street   who  issued  a   manifesto  that   began 
with  "We  men  of   Kiii;land."   were  typical   of  our  whole  political  trii)e. 
It   is  the  ancient    \\hlm  of  free  man   to  attrlbtite  his  notions  to  the 
mass  id'  his  compat-iots.     Orthodoxy   is  ones  own  doxy,  and  unortho- 
doxy  is  the  other  ni.nrs  doxy.     Iti  fact,  the  conduct  of  a  nation  as  a  \init 
aUme  indicates   nauonal   sentim"it    so  far  as  it  can   l>e  expressed  cer- 
tainly    I  was  put  to  these  truisn.s  by  necessity  <  •'  avoiding  the  appear- 
an.e'of  imputing  to  Canailian.s  certain  s«ntinu          .vhiih  I  may  express 
here.     My  wish  is  to  be  understood  as  one  ti       ^  to  disclose  Canadian 


Kentimonr  on  Inrlfpt-ndfiic*'  ami  anio-xatlon.  u  'nly  rrmn  coiiHlilt-ratliin 
of  the  publlr  coiirHf  of  Caiiaila.  anil  luit  frtu  >  lnH|»><'tt<in  nf  my  own 
InHlde. 

Ii  niiy  bf  r»>aM<in»lily  arKiicd  that  therf  Ih  MoinethtnK  very  HiKiiifli'ant 
of  Canuillan  Hentlment  In  tli«>  ,{entU>mi-n  pn-Ht-nt  ha\inK  aHstcmMi'il  here 
tliU  pv:'nlnK.  You  are  Amt>rl<'an  cirl/.onH  fvlndnK  ruiitlniifd  lnt»T<>st  In 
fhe  roiintO'  of  yimr  birth.  Canada.  Hj-cbuhp  that  !>.  dfar,  I  hi>in'  Mr 
()'I)onn<'ll  may  not  think  nif  dlxioiirtfoiiH  in  ravlllitiK  a  lltth-  at  IiIh 
apidlratlon  of  th«'  term  ■'fortnerly  CanaillanH.  "  to  the  Cliilt.  Is  It  imim- 
hIIiIh  for  men  to  jji't  their  early  nn-morleH  of  Hc^neH,  playmateH,  parents, 
teaihers— Is  If  piiHslhle  to  Ket  the  atoms  of  natal  sol!  out  of  their  btines 
and  blood?  No.  there  Is  a  prMioiiml  truth  In  th.  Ie^'end  that  the  first 
man  was  made  of  the  clay  of  his  native  earth,  and  that  Is  as  true  for 
the  present  men  as  for  the  first.  Yr)U,  jrentlemen  lnter<'oloiilals,  are 
itoubtless  loyal  American  citizens  who  w.-re  formerly  Canan  •*.  but 
are  villi  not  Canadians  still?  .Myself.  1  have  twice  chanKed  re>iidence 
froi;i  one  country  to  the  other.  As  I  had  In  my  yimth  the  koimI  forture 
to  li.^ar  arms  for  both.  In  active  service.  I  feel  entitled  to  regard  myse.f 
as  at  home  In  either.  When  I  lived  here  I  called  myself  Canadiaii.  a-  ' 
perhaps  boasted  It.  When  1  returned  to  Canada  '  did  not  forsake  ■)•' 
fection  for  the  Ftepubilc.  To  some  In  thi'  Dimilnlon  t'  •  sf  ins  a 
Impropriety  in  siu'h  a  way  of  ihlnkinK.  They  inmulne  ■.  'eililnn  'n 
the  nature  of  an  essential.  Ineradic  'e  unfrlendlliH  ss  or  e«en  hostllit.- 
lift  ween  the  two  countries.  Hut  surely  a  belter  \  lew  Is  that,  to  use 
the  phrase  ot  Home's  Imperial  saKe.  the  two  countries  were  made  for 
co-iiperation.  like  the  rows  of  teeth.  It  Is  permitted  to  a  native  of 
tJreat  Hritain  to  regard  with  sympathy  and  even  affection  ev»'ry  colony 
and  every  nation  of  his  kin.  Why  should  the  native  of  Canada  more 
<ircums"ril)e  his  sympathies?  Sir,  the  Canadian  has  sonu-tinies  been 
called  "the  man  without  a  country."  and  snmetlmes  the  man  with 
more  country  than  he  can  muna^'e.  It  would  be  more  correct  to  define 
him  as  the  man  of  three  countries— his  motherland,  his  brotlierland, 
and  his  own  land,  lint  always  the  man  of  Canada  first.  And  lie  Is  nut 
the  only  KnKlish-spea!<inK  man  nl  liroail  sentiment.  Throufiliout  the 
KnKlish-si'caUinf;  world  ll.tre  are  sinns  of  rapid  lucre  ise  in  the  number 
of  thini  <  ^  who  hold  that  the  nations  whiuu  Ciod  bound  tofie'lier  .ly 
ties  of  blood  ami  lanKuaKe  should  not  be  kept  asunder,  but  should  be 
<lrawn  newly  to  friendly  courses  in  accnrdanci  with  the  political  ijenius 
vif  their  race.  Siu-li  of  us  as  profess  devotion  to  the  ideal  of  coopera- 
tion between  Canada,  and  the  Hepubllc.  and  (ireat  Hrltain  and  all  the 
countries  controlled  by  men  of  Ennlish  s|)ee(h  are.  perhaps,  more  prac- 
tical than  they  who  dream  hopefully  of  similar  union  In  lesser  de;;ree. 
It  Is  not  blsness  that  makes  a  si-henie  Impracticable,  but  it  n.jy  be 
killed  by  leaving  out  elements  that  should  be  in.  Is  there  any  political 
proniem  that  our  kin  can't  solve  if  they  wish  to  solve  It?  .\lr.  Dooley, 
one  of  the  wisest  and  wittiest  of  mankind,  grandly  conceived  Knulish- 
nn'ii  conscious  ot  a  natural  rlsht  to  jjet  off  a  train  at  any  statio  in  the 
world,  and  cast  their  Impayrlat  vote  Why  should  not  all  the  citizens 
of  countries  of  En.nlish.  or  Cnlted  States  lan^ua^e.  arrange  to  rec<)gniz 
that  impayrial  right  In  one  another?  Of  course,  large  precautions 
against   repeating  votes  on  frontiers   would  be  expedient  or  necessary. 


siifli    would     111-    th.'    loii.hifsM  of  N..III."  for  fXiT-isiiia:  the   impayrial 

IPliVilrtfc. 

The  chanse  from  one  honorable  citizenship  to  another  is  surely  as 
proper  as  it  is  convenient  for  men  who  change  from  one  to  another  of 
our  English-speaUing  nations.  Indeed,  conscientious  men  might  well 
fet^l  disinclined  lo  live  long  without  citizenship  in  any  highly-organized 
modt-rn  state  To  do  so  is  to  take  the  benefit  of  local  and  national 
institutions  for  maintaining  justice  and  order  and  liberty,  without  aid- 
ing in  their  preservation  and  improvement.  The  alien  in  the  Republic 
<jr  in  the  Dominion  cannot  pay  his  whole  debt  through  the  collectors  of 
taxes— unless  they  levy  on  him  excessively,  in  a  pious  opinion  that  it 
is  sweet  and  decorous,  as  well  as  safe,  to  stick  it  hard  to  those  who 
have  no  vote.  Every  intelligent  resident  owes  to  his  neighbors  his  par- 
ticipati(m  in  their  politics.  Surely  wc  Canadians,  in  particular,  bred  as 
we  are  to  good  institutions,  ought  to  help  native  Americans  to  govern 
this  country.  That  is  a  duty  to  seldom  neglect  long  after  resolving  to 
stay  here.  Irisnmen  have  the  same  considerate  sense.  Between  us  and 
them— so  natives  used  to  say  when  I  lived  here— we  rule  Boston.  If 
so,  we  do  the  ousiness  well.  Where  can  be  found  a  sweeter,  cleaner, 
saner,  modester.  better-governed  American  city?  Are  not  the  kindness 
ami  moderati(m  of  the  joint  rule  plain  in  the  fact  that  wc  permit  the 
natives  to  own  most  of  the  place— and  many  of  the  rulers? 

Americans  in  Canada  are  not  liackward  in  aiding  to  rule  the  Domin- 
ion. There  we  have,  as  all  here  must  know,  many  estimable  citizens 
who  began  life  as  Americans,  and  changed  allegiance,  after  reaching 
years  of  discretion.  Many  more  might  be  nami'd  than  Sir  William 
Vanhorn.'  and  Sir  Thomas  Shaugnessy  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
road. Ceneral  Manager  Hays  of  the  (Jrand  Trunk.  .John  Charlton,  life- 
long champion  of  rociprocity.  .ind  the  lato  Senator  IMumli.  Tory  and 
protectionist.  There  arc  now  in  Canada  two  very  conspicuous  Ameri- 
cans who  earnestly  desire  to  stay  there,  but  the  Republic  longs  more 
than  the  Dominion  for  the  company  of  .Messrs.  Gaynor  and  Greene. 
Other  Americans  l)ecame  loyal  Canadians,  and  some  of  tbem  even  ac- 
quired knighthood  without  ceasing  to  evince  a  decent  affection  for  the 
United  Slates.  Sir.  this  double  regard  for  the  countries  is  not  ccuifined 
to  Americans  and  Canadians  who  change  residence  from  one  to  the 
other.  It  is  evinced,  in  a  degree,  by  many  Canadians  who.  like  our 
great  Premier.  Sir  Wilfrid  l.aurier.  ever  think  and  speak  kindly  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  similarly  evinced  by  the  many  h<mie  staying  Amer- 
icans who  look  with  friendly  eyes  on  the  new  life  and  vim  that  Canada 
displays.  They  wish  well  to  the  Dominion.  They  are  not  eager  to  see 
it  break  up,  or  fall  down,  or  come  to  any  sort  of  grief.  That  generous 
sentiment  has  been  often  voiced  of  late  by  the  more  lofty  spirits  of  the 
American  platform  and  the  American  press.  It  comes  of  their  percep- 
tion that  Canada  is  doing  large  and  useful  things  well.  Now.  you  all 
know  that  the  like  regard  for  the  United  Stat«s  has  always  animated 
many  Canadians.  Fifty-three  thousand  of  us  served  the  North  in  the 
Civil  War.  It  is  true  that  some  relics  still  linger  in  the  Dominion,  or 
rather  linger  in  some  few  of  its  inhabitants,  of  the  hatred  that  was 
nattirally  l)red  in  the  United  Empire  loyalists,  by  their  harsh,  and  per- 
haps ill-judged  exclusion,  as  Tories,  from  tne  Repulilic  after  the  Revo- 


fl 


lution.  Similarly,  some  relics  of  tlie  old  iiatred  for  Great  Britain  linger 
here.  Yet  it  is  true  that  Canadians  in  general  feel  tiiat  tiiey  can  come 
to  tlie  United  States  and  be  more  at  liome  than  in  any  other  country 
except  their  own.  One  of  the  finest  old  crusted  Tories  and  good  fel- 
lows in  the  Dominion  admitted  as  much  the  other  day  in  traveling  with 
me  from  Montreal  to  Boston.  On  the  other  hand.  I  have  been  told  by 
Southerners  that  they  feel  more  at  home  in  Canada  than  in  New  Eng- 
laml.  I  have  been  told  by  New  Englanders  that  they  feel  more  at  home 
in  (  anada  than  in  the  South,  Does  this  imply  an  American  sentiment 
in  favor  of  anne.xing  either  New  England  or  Dixie  to  the  Dominion? 
Or,  put  it  the  other  way  round.  Does  it  imply  Canadian  sentiment  for 
annexation?  No.  sir,  it  means  nothing  more,  and  nothing  less,  than  a 
considerable  degree  of  fraternal  sentiment  on  both  sides.  Kindness 
between  independent  mature  brothers  does  not  mean  that  they  wish  to 
keep  Joint  house. 

The  sense  of  affiliation  to  the  people  of  the  States  is  as  strong  in 
French  as  in  British  Canadians.  In  all  our  race  and  creed  disputes,  as 
in  the  present  one  over  separate  schools  in  the  new  Western  Provinces, 
some  extremists  of  both  the  main  Canadian  races  threaten.  "VVe  will 
go  in  for  annexation  if  you  do  not  yield  to  us."  They  thus  scare  one 
another  into  compromise.  They  always  compromise  angrily.  They  are 
always  glad  later  that  they  did  compromise.  This  is  curiously  instruc- 
tive of  Canadian  sentiment  to  the  States.  It  clearly  means  that  British 
and  French  Canadians.  Prot.stant  and  Catholic  Canadians,  are  alike 
averse  from  annexation,  and  yet  not  so  much  averse  Init  t!iat  they  alike 
think  it  might  be  a  tolerable  way  of  escape  from  the  recurrent  diffi- 
culties of  pulling  together.  It  means,  too,  that  they  share  some  com- 
mon notion,  or  dream,  which  holds  them  apart  from  the  Republic, 
quarrelling  and  making  up.  a  dream  which  is  dear  to  them  and  which 
forbids  them  tt)  give  up  the  Canadian  experiment.  What  Is  the  com- 
mon dream?  It  resembles  that  of  a  married  couple  who  squabble  much 
and  yet  1  eep  out  of  the  divorce  court,  sticking  together  on  account  of 
the  children,  and  foreseeing  a  time  when  they  shall  cease  to  differ  and 
have  a  quiet  domicile.  Their  sentiment  is  for  the  household.  They 
have  endured  so  much  from  one  another  for  its  sake  that  they  can't 
find  it  In  their  hearts  to  at)andon  the  life  together.  That  life  is  not 
wholly  happy,  but  any  other  looks  blank  and  shameful.  In  their  hearts 
they  forgive  one  another's  vexatious  ways,  and  know  that  no  other  life 
would  suit  them  so  well  as  just  doing  the  best  they  can  for  the  joint 
concern.  Each  trusts  that  the  other's  temperament  will  be  subdued  in 
time,  and  so  they  mutually,  tacitly  agree  that  the  stronger  mind,  or  the 
survivor,  shall  ultimately  control  the  establishment.  Couples  who  go 
on  so.  often  come  to  great  peace  and  prosperity.  They  reap  a  reward 
for  not  giving  up  the  household  which  they  created. 

The  two  races  of  Canada  have  done  a  great  deal  of  honest  work  to- 
gether, in  spite  of  their  squabbles.  This  has  just  begun  to  be  evident 
to  the  world.  You  remember  the  Scotchman  who  had  to  drink  claret 
instea<i  of  his  favorite  tipple.  He  lamented  that  he  wasn't  getting  any 
forrarder.  That  was  what  seemed,  to  Americans,  the  matter  with 
Canadians  until  just  the  other  day.  or  three  or  four  years  ago.  Why 
were  our  Canadian  fathers  and  grandfathers  looked  on  as  a  lot  of  sen- 


timentalists  who  weren't  making  good?  People  on  this  side  of  the  line 
wondered  at  them  remaining  dependent,  and  poor,  and  apparently  of  no 
account,  when  it  set-med  they  might  be  comfortable  and  rich  and  sov- 
ereign and  share  the  American  bigness  and  importance.  Why  couldn  t 
they  give  up  their  beaverlike  existence  and  come  in?  The  notion  that 
they  stayed  out  through  terror  of  the  British  garrisons  remained  until 
the  garrisons  vanished,  or  wore  reduced  to  the  tiny  forces  that  are 
about  to  relinquish  ..alifax  and  Esquimau  to  the  Dominion  author  ties. 
That  notion  still  survives  in  an  American  impression  that  Canadians 
are  somehow  not  free,  but  prevented  by  king  and  aristocracy  from  30  n- 
ing  the  Republic.  The  idea  that  people  so  addicted  to  coming  in  in- 
dividually can  be  collectively  disposed  to  endure  much  rather  than  come 
in  en  masse-that  idea  can  hardly  be  got  into  the  American  mind  today. 
Sir  Americans  show  their  English  very  notably  fn  this,  for  nothing 
can  be  more  English  than  inability  to  understand  how  any  people  can 
be  foolish  enough  to  wish  to  keep  or  get  from  under  Englisn  rule. 

How  was  it  that  our  Canadian  fathers  and  grandfathers,  and  even 
the  generation  nearing  Heaven-to  which  I  belong-seemed  so  long  to 
be  backward,  and  to  be  foredoomed  to  political  failure?     It  was  be- 
cause thev  began  almost  witnout  means,  l)ecau8e  they  had  to  encounter 
great  and  peculiar  diffi.ulties.    They  had  to  struggle  with  a  hard  cli- 
mate  against  great  forests,  with  little  more  than  the  axe.  and    at  the 
Zru  not  much  knowledge  of  using  the  axe.    The  United  Empire  Loy- 
alists-those  American  enthusiasts  for  monarchy  who  resorted  to  the 
north  wilderness  after  the  Revolution-went  there  stripped  almost  bare 
A    considerable      proportion      of      them      were      gemry      who      had 
neve      worked    with     their     hands.      All     classes    came    t-om     more 
southerly    regions,    and    few    knew    jus.    how    to      acklc    the    30b  of 
.learing  and  .Topping  ihe  forest  in  so  northerly  a  clime.    Th.->  had,  as 
were   t"  invent  the  agriculture.    We  hear  today  of  how  those  Ameri- 
<.ans  and  Canadians  who  are  practiced  in  northern  prairie  farming  get 
almg  mm  blaster  in  the  Canadian  West  than  do  those  of  like  der.va- 
H  m  wh     are  sreen  to  the  work,  to  say  nothing  of  English  tenderteet. 
We"l    Sir   the  earlier  American  monarchists  who  went  to  Canada  were 
a  1  tenderteet  there    and  they  were  unassisted  by  the  exaniple  ot  any 
who   knew  how.      .  l.ey   were  plucky   and   laborious,   but  they   had  to 
mak.'  a  bluff  at  clearing  and  farming,  rather  than  set  about  it  well  pre- 
nare.1     To  them  came  gradually,  slowly,  from  across  the  seas,  squads 
and  companies  of  the  disinherited  classes  <.f  England.  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land   a  fine,  industrious  people,  but  tenderteet  to  a  degree  beyond  the 
Kreenness  of  the  American  monarchists  already  on  the  ground.     A  con- 
«i.l..rable  proportion  of  gentry,  half-pay  offl.^ers.  younger  sons^  and  so 
on    came    to...  from  the  old  countries,  people  ot  manners,  refinement, 
and  often  of  pretensions  incompatible  with  struggle  in  the  New  World 
These  people  were,   in  the  first,  and  often  in  the  less  educated  second 
generation    frequently  somewhat  useless,  but  they  were  ot  good  slraln, 
an.l   transmitted   some  ideas    of   value  to    their  descendants    and   the 
conntrv      With  these  sorts  of  people,  mostly  without  money,  no  matter 
what  their  social  status,  there  were  politically  associated  the  habitants 
and  vovag.'urs.  descendants  of  habitants  and   voyagenrs  who  had  been 
pinndeied  to  the  bone  under  the  French  regime,  and  who  were,  for  a 

,s 


long  time  afterward,  held  down  to  poverty  and  ignorance  by  the  inept, 
well-nii'aning  offlrial  l)liindering  of  the  English  conquerors. 

These  various  sort  cf  Canadians,  the  founders  of  the  present  Domin- 
ion, generally  tacked  cash,  lacked  credit,  lacked  experience  in  business, 
and  lacked  aptitude  for  industrial  organization,  except  as  this  is  com- 
mon to  people  of  European  derivation.  They  had  to  hew  from  the 
timber,  and  burn  from  the  potash  kettle,  and  plough  from  the  stumpy 
clearing,  and  haul  out  of  the  thronged  water,  and  excavate  from  the 
quarry  and  the  gypsum  bed.  every  means  to  enlarged  enterprise.  They 
had  to  show  that  they  could  pay  interest  before  they  coulil  borrow 
abroad.  They  had  to  contend  against  the  enormous  disadvantage  of 
commercial  separation  from  their  natural  customers  on  this  side  of  the 
boundary.  Their  industrial  progress  was  hampered  by  the  need  of 
many  of  their  men  of  light  and  leading  to  devote  much  time  and 
thought  and  energy  to  the  extremely  difflciilt  political  task  of  devising 
Blowly.  tentatively,  experimentally,  institutions  that  would  secure  equal 
liberty  and  justice  to  the  two  main  diverse  elements  of  race  and  creed. 
They  had  to  vindicate  and  establish  their  common  cause,  their  self- 
governing  power,  against  Great  Britain,  whose  authorities  often  acted 
in  the  spirit  of  George  l.anigan's  affectionate  elephant  that  sat  on  a 
deserted  brood  of  fledgling  birds  in  order  to  make  them  feel  that  they 
still  had  a  mother.  They  had  a  wholesome  rebellion,  and  some  civil 
war.  before  they  got  into  a  fair  way  of  ridding  themselves  of  the  amia- 
able.  injurious  meddling  of  Downing  street  i)oliticians.  who  have  not 
quite  ddUe  meddling  yet.  it  being  so  hard  for  them  to  get  it  coniplete'.y 
through  their  collective  skull  that  people  can  he  properly  governed  by 
themselves  or  by  any  concern  except  a  Downing  street.  They  had  to 
endure  a  great  deal  of  heckling  and  liindrance  l)y  the  meaner  elements 
that  occasionally  give  the  great  Republic  the  appearance  of  intending 
\infriendliness  to  Canada.  Gentlemen,  it  was  a  long,  hard  struggle  for 
our  Canadian  fathers  and  grandsires.  first  for  bare  existence,  then  for 
comfort,  and  credit,  and  ca|)ital  and  industrial  organization,  and  ways 
and  means  to  develop  the  resources  of  their  country.  But  they  were 
not  defeated.  And  that  is  what  gives  their  children  the  right  to  con- 
tinue the  policy  of  their  fathers. 

If  you  consult  the  map  i>f  Canada,  with  partioilar  reference  to  its 
railways  and  canals,  yiui  shall  see  a  most  distinct,  practical  expression 
of  Canadian  sentiment.  Those  works,  whether  completed,  in  course  of 
construction,  or  seriously  projected,  constitute  a  great  system  of  trans- 
portation obviously  based  on  the  idea  that  Canadians  must  be  enabled 
to  conduct  their  commerce  with  complete  indei)endence  of  the  Tnited 
Stales.  If  my  memory  does  not  err.  these  works  imply  an  expendittire 
of  more  than  $4<mi,(i(iii.ii(MI  by  Canada,  to  say  nothing  of  the  private 
capital  involved.  It  is  sometimes  said,  and  not  altogether  without  r.'a- 
son.  that  Canada  was  forced  to  that  outlay  by  the  unfriendliness  of 
Wa«!hington.  or  by  fear  of  such  unfriendliness— by  a  sense  that  it  would 
not  be  politically  safe  for  Canada  to  develop  on  her  natural  lines  of 
communication  through  the  territory  of  the  Reptiblic.  It  is  certainly 
true  that  the  Canadian  system  would  not  have  l)een  developed  so 
rapidly  had  I'ncle  Sam  always  evinced  an  amiable  spirit  to  the  strug- 
gling neighbor.    Still,  the  mere  tendency  to  independence  would  doubt- 


less  have  caused  the  Canadian  system  to  be  furthered  far.  You  don't 
like  to  dcpei.J  on  your  neighbor  for  a  right  of  way.  even  if  you  feel 
sure  he  will  never  go  back  on  you. 

The  immense  public  works  of  Canada  constitute  a  sort  of  monument 
to  the  spirit  of  th.  fathers,  who  planned  and  starti'd  the  system,  or 
dreamed  of  ft.  tven  including  the  Canadian  Pacifli-  Transcontinental 
Railway,  more  than  fifty  years  ago.  when  the  old  Provinces,  whose 
spirit  now  pervades  the  whole  Dominion,  contained  less  than  S.OdO.OdO 
people.  Americans  may  well  recognize  in  the  design.  In  th''  achieve- 
ment, in  the  new  projects  of  Canadians,  a  people  of  kindred  energy,  a 
people  exemplitying  greatly  that  high  practical  disposition  which 
Americans  are  so  well  entitled  to  boast.  What  if  it  has  been  peculiarly 
evinced  in  works  designed  to  secure  the  Dominion  in  political  separa- 
tion from  the  Republic?  It  is  a  poor  sort  of  person  who  cannot  wit- 
ness with  admiration  the  strenuousness  of  a  neighl)or  in  trying  to  es- 
tablish himself  and  his  posterity   in  an  independent  existence. 

The  children  for  whom  the  household  was  kept  together  have  abun- 
dance today — I  believe  they  are  as  well  off.  city  for  city,  town  for  town, 
farm  for  farm,  man  for  man,  and  family  for  family,  as  the  people  on 
this  side  of  the  line.  There  are  few  great  fortunes,  but  many  little  ones 
in  Canada,  wealth  is  fairly  distributed,  and  the  country  corresponds 
fairly  well  to  that  ideal  one  of  the  poet,  William  Morris,  where  if  the 
franklin  had  no  great  store  the  workers  had  enough.  And  there  is  in 
the  Canadian  people  a  bold,  hardy,  enterprising,  enduring  and  yet  com- 
promising temper,  their  natural  heritage  from  the  diverse  father.^  whom 
Fate  compelled  to  work  together  in  obscure  association  during  the 
long  time  of  petty  things,  while  their  ■'h<iard  was  little,  though  their 
Jiearts  were  great."  1  say  their  hearts  were  great  because  they  were 
ever  animated  by  the  spirit  that  rejects  material  temptation  for  the 
ideal.  They  persistently  put  aside  such  profit  as  annexation  would 
have  given  them  at  any  time:  they  refused  it  for  the  sake  of  sentiment, 
they  refused  it  for  :he  sake  of  their  proper  dream.  American.  French, 
English.  Scotch,  Irish,  German,  whatever  their  derivation,  they  did  col- 
lectively work,  and  pinch,  and  contrive,  and  endtire  toward  the  vision 
of  a  great  North  for  their  children  and  their  children's  children  for- 
ever. Of  course,  the  idea  did  not  spring  out  full  si/.e,  like  Minerva;  it 
was  gradually  developed;  it  came  of  working  together,  and  of  the  need 
of  human  beings  to  have  a  theory  of  why  they  work  together,  to  what 
purpose  and  to  what  end.  They  did  not.  and  do  not  now  agree  about 
the  uetalls  of  the  future  and  imaginary  edifice  toward  which  they  work 
and  aspire.  The  French  dreamed,  and  dream  now  of  a  great  North,  all 
Catholic  and  French;  their  poets  declare  the  vision  quite  clearly,  and 
their  statesmen  with  politic  obscurity.  Their  statisticians,  seeing  that 
the  rt.').iHio  forsaken  habitants  and  voyageurs  of  1759  have  become  by 
mere  breeding  and  staying  power  ,3.(Mi((.()(f()  French  Canadians  (nearly 
one-third  of  them  in  the  States),  in  less  than  150  years,  are  not  un- 
warranted in  reckoning  that  their  people,  if  they  can  be  kept  contin- 
ually free  of  the  vice  and  the  mtirder  called  race  suicide,  will  number 
2(t.<itMi,00((  before  this  century  ends.  The  British  and  exiled  American 
Tories  dreamed  of  a  great  North  all  British,  a  North  disposed  to  back 
Great  Britain  to  the  end  of  time— and  many  of  their  children  dream 

10 


that  dream  to  this  day.  These  different  .isiuns  ocfupied  one  grem 
trat't  of  Imagination  In  common.  They  were  illke  dreams  of  Canada 
for  Canadians  forever— Canadians  of  some  kind— and  let  the  best  breed 
■win.  These  different  visions  alike  shunned  another  t;reat  tract  of 
imagination.  They  did  not  willingly  dream  of  '  ilon  with  ihe  Repulilic. 
If  that  dream  ever  Intervened  it  was  treated,  and  largely  regarded,  as  a 
nightmare.  To  avoid  that  nightmare  coming  true  both  the  main  ele- 
ments have  made  up  their  quarrels  over  and  over  again.  Just  as  they 
are  now  on  the  point  of  composing  the  fiercest  dispute,  that  over  the 
school  system  of  the  new  prairie  provinces,  which  they  have  had  since 
nir  Wilfrid  l.aurier  took  office.  That  dispute,  to  my  mind,  essentially 
resembles  the  Kansas  free  soil  controversy  before  the  war.  The  qnea- 
tlon  is  whether  all  elements  shall  continue  free  to  support  by  their 
taxes  such  schools  as  they  can  .  -nd  their  children  to.  or  whether  the 
elements  that  desire  separate  schools  shall  be  compelled  to  pay  double 
taxation  for  exercising  that  natural  right.  That  dispute  will  be  set- 
tled, as  the  Kansas  one  war,  in  favor  of  free  soil.  It  will  be  settled  in 
ac(  ordance  with  the  great  body  of  Canadian  opinion,  which  Is  Liberal, 
even  when  it  calls  itself  Tory  or  Conservative — by  liberal  I  mean  essea- 
tlally  Tolerationlst — and  which  is  more  and  more  disposed  to  say  to 
the  extremist  oi  the  factions,  "A  plague  on  both  your  houses.  Young  ' 
Canada  desires  to  secure  the  'British  and  the  F' '  nch  alike  in  every 
peculiar  privilege  dear  to  elt'ier  of  these  ele:aents.  Young  Canada  is 
determined  that  neither  shall  unjustly  rob  the  other  of  anything  that 
is  a  natural  right,  or  anything  whose  possession  tends  to  make  the 
other  element  contented  and  devoted  Canadians."  Thus  the  prosperous 
children,  the  rising  generation,  have  modified  and  blended  and  adhered 
to  both  the  seemingly  contrary  dreams  of  the  enduring  sires.  Young 
Canada  is  all  for  Canada,  or  as  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  put  it  during  the 
recent  election  campaign,  from  tvery  platform  on  wh'ch  he  stood,  for 
Canada  first,  last,  and  all  the  tiPie.  That  policy  is  according  to  the  es- 
sential spirit  of  Canadlanlsm— Canada  alike  for  all  the  children  ot  the 
diverse  fathers.  Gentlemen,  that  is  a  reply  to  the  query — "Is  there  any 
marked  Canadian  sentiment  for  annexation?" 

It  is  still  true  that  Youn;;  Canada — a  group  to  which  I  have  had  the  j 
hai)pines8  to  belong  •  'r  sli:ce  Young  Canada  was  young,  and  started  ' 
in  1875.  or  thereabouts,  with  what  was  then  called  the  Canada  F'lrst 
movement — it  is  still  true  tha»:  Young  Canada,  now  real'y  the  main, 
though  not  the  most  obtrusive,  political  force  in  the  Dominion,  is  not 
undisturbed  by  some  fear,  and  by  a  good  deal  of  opinion,  that  the  ex- 
tremists of  the  opposing  schools  may  >et  make  such  a  rough  house  of 
the  Iiomiiiliiii  that  iiniiexatloii  may  c-ome  of  the  bedevilnieiit  and  weari- 
ness which  they  create.  Much  feai  is  in  Young  Canada.  I  said — l)ut  the 
fear  is  not  of  a  very  dreadful  kind.  All  Canadians  !<n;.w  well  that  life 
In  union  wltn  ■  le  Republic  v,)u!d  be  far  from  intolerable  even  to  those 
who  desire  it  least.  It  would  not  be  subjugation  for  Canadian.^  of  either 
race  or  any  creed,  but  It  would  be  full  equality,  as  individual  electors 
of  sovereign  States,  in  a  nation  tl  't  includes  many  kinsmen  of  every 
sort  of  Canadians — a  nation  ver  ;reat,  free,  mighty,  honorable,  and 
clearly  predestined  to  transcend  in  power  and  Influence  any  nation  that 
has  ever  yet  existed.     It  is  reasvmable  to  estimate  that  there  will   be 


11 


35(MMI<I  0(1(1  United  Statfsers.  within  the  present  limits  of  the  Reiniblic 
proper'   K"*   years  from   this  evening.     Unless  my  w.-mory  errs.   Mr. 
Gladstone,  one  of  the  shrewdest  of  actuaries,  calculated  that  the  Re- 
public can  maintain  «(M».(i(i(»,(Km»  people  In  comfort,  and  Is  likt-ly  to  b.-  do- 
ing it   liefor.-  the  twenty-flrst  century  ends.     That  implies  the  might- 
iest of  nations,  no  matter  how  others  may  Increase  in  power.     A  con- 
federated Europe  might  match  it  In  Influence  aud  poten.y.  but  no  one 
or  two  or  three  European  countries  can  hop.'  to  do  so.     Now  it  would 
be  insensate  to  allege  that  reflection  on  what  the  Republic  is.  and  on 
what  it  seems   pr.-destined   to  bccom.-,  has  no  influence  on  Canadian 
sentiment      It  has  influence  on  even  the  most  inveterate  Tory  British- 
ers     During   the   present   sess.on   of  Canada's   Parliament.   Col.    Sam 
Hughes    .M  P..  in  advocating  imperial  federation,  stated  that  he  and 
his  kind  would  prefer  annexation  to  Canadian  independence.    There  are 
some   including.  I  believe,  large  numbers  of  both  French  and  English- 
speaking  Canadians,  who  would  prefer  annexation  to  imperial  federa- 
tion    Why?    Solelv  from  considerMlim  for  Canada  first.    Imperial  fed- 
erati.  .1   so  far.  at  least,  as  its  lineaments  have  been  disclosed  l)y  those 
who  dream  that  great  and  noble  dream,  would  imply  retrogr.ssion  in 
Canada's  political  status,  and  peculiar  hazards  for  Canada.     It  would 
implv  retiring  from  a  large  degree  of  independency  to  a  .onsiderable 
degree  of  subordination,  and  that  sul)ordinati<.<n  wc  ild  be  not  to  CJreat 
Britain  onlv.  but  to  all  the  other  countries  comprisin:,  the  federation. 
In  that  there  would  be.  1  say    peculiar  dang<'rs  for  Canada.     Can  you 
who  know  the  American  people  conceive  the  United  States  watching 
w\th  perfect  equanimity  the  development  of  a  great,  populous,  power- 
ful Canada,  not  inclining  toward  independence,  as  in  the  past,  not  to 
the  position  of  an  American  power,  but  associated  intimately  and  as  if 
forever,  with  European,  Asiatic  and  African  interests— a  Canada  avow- 
edly armed  on  t)ehalf  of  those  interests,  and  suppositiously  capal)le  of 
calling  on  these  non-American  Powers,  all  of  them  to  be  alike  devel- 
oped to  their  utmost  strength,  for  military  and  naval  aid?     It   is  true 
that  Canada,  no  matter  how  populous,  in  suih  a  situation,  would  not 
be  dangerous  to  the  Republic.     It  is  true  that  the  imperial  federation 
would    we  may  be  sure,  tak^  friendship  with  the  Republic  for  a  car- 
dinal  point  of  its  foreign  policy.     Right  there  comes  in  tlie  peculiar 
danger  for  Canada.    The  United  States   feeling  a  limb  of  that  projected 
enormous  armed  world  organization  stretching  with  growing  strength 
across  iT,m  miles  of  the  Republic's  Northern  frontier,  could  not  he  but 
sensitively  determined  to  hold  its  own  against  that  branch.     Now,  what 
people  of  our  kin  mean  by  holding  their  own  is  usually  getting  some  of 
tUe  ofhT  partv's.     We  all   know  how  strong  has  been  the  American 
disposition  to  buck  up  to  Great  Britain,  and  how  weak  the  Washington 
dispositiim   to   back   down.      The   buck-up   disposition    has   again   and 
again,  as  in  the  matters  of  the  Mali      tmundary.  the  Oregon  boundary, 
the  Fisheries  dispute,  the  Venezue'         d  the  Alaska  affairs,  put  W'ash- 
ington  to  a  strong  attitude.     Now     Aould  the  American  disposition  to 
demand  everything  in  sight  be  increased,  and  the  disposition  to  yield  a 
bit  ')e  decreased,  bv  a  new  American  sensitiveness  arising  from  a  new 
American   sense   of   having   an    ever-strengthening   arm   of   the    world 
force   along   the   North   frontier.     What    do   you    Canadian-Americans 

12 


think  on  that  point?  'Voulfl  not  the  American  tenilency  to  rialm  as 
many  points  as  possible  from  Canada,  and  the  American  dislike  to 
yield  any  points  to  Canada,  he  both  increased?  Would  disputes  be- 
tween the  neighbors  be  more  or  less  likely  to  arise? 

Some  observers  hold  that  Canadian   disposition  to   buck   up  to  the 
Repub'ic  has  been,  perhaps,  not  less  obvious  than  an  American  dispo- 
sIMon  to  buck  up  to  Great  Britain.     Would  that  imputed  Canadian  dis 
position   be   increased  or  diminished   if   Canadians   were   contributing 
notably  to  the  armaments  or'  an  Imperial  federation,  and  deriving  from 
thfir  sense  of  maklnf;  such   contributions  u   new  expectation,  a   new 
sense  of  being  entitled  to  expect  backing  from  the  federation.    It  .seenis 
to  me  that  a  new  animus  to  disputes  vould  arise  on  both  sides  of  the 
line.    How  would  Canada  fare  in  them?    Would  not  every  other  part  of 
the  imperial  federation  be  as  properly   desirous  as  Great   Britain  has 
l(mg  been  to  keep  out  of  loggerheads  with  the  Hopublle?     Would  not 
their  pressure  on  Canada  to  yield,  and  to  grin  and  bear  it  for  the  fed- 
eration's sake,  be  stronger  than  ever  the  analogous  pr.-ssure  of  Great 
Britain  has  been?     Canadians  In   general,  animated    (to  use   Edmund 
Btirkes  words)  by  that  salutary  prejudice  called  patriotism,  are  much 
of  the  opinion  that  the  I. lor  has  repeatedly  held  th*^  Beaver  for  the 
Eagle,  saying,  "Dear  child,  pray  for  my  sake,  lie  still  and  be  skinned." 
The  dear  child  didn't   lie  still,  but   what  about  the  skinning?     Would 
not  the  amiable  Beavers  liability  to  lose  patches  of  vali.able  peltry  to 
the  acute  Bird  of  Freedom  be  increased  by  the  eagle's  perception  that 
the  kangaroo,  and  the  moa,  and  the  iois.  the  emu.  and  the  crocodile,  and 
all   the   other   healthy    creatures   of   the    federated    British    menagerie 
would  be  directly  Interested  In  holding  the  industrious  one  down,  lest 
he  might  involve  them  all  in  a  fracas  with  the  hooKed  beal.  and  curved 
talons?     It   seems  to  me  that   the   new  confidence   which   the  always 
prominent  bluffy  element  in  Canada  would  get  from  inii)erial  federa- 
tum   might   be   wholly   delusive,   and   injurious   to  Canadian   interests. 
The  Asiatic.  Australian.  African  and  Oceanic  countries  of  the  federa- 
tion, being  more  closely  associated  than  ever  before  with  Great  Britain, 
and  being  even  less  disposed  than  Great  Britain  to  back  Canada  against 
the  Republic,  would  surely  tend  to  make  Great  Britain  less  disposed  to 
give  such  backing.     For.  in  imperial   federation,  the  responsibility  of 
leaving  Canada   in   the   lurch   would    be  divided  among   all  the   other 
members,  and  not  attributable,  as  hitherto,  to  Great  Britain  alone.    In- 
deed, such  federation  would  be  a  fine  plan  for  getting  John  Bull  out 
of  the  Imputed  onus  of  deserting  Canada  at  a  pinch.     Now.  I  am  not 
goino  to  appear  to  agree  wholly  with  the  usual  Cana<lian  Impression 
that  .lohn  Bull  has  always  so  deserted  Canada.     It  seems  to  me  he  has 
occasionally  sacrlflied  the  Canadian  case  to  his  own  interests,  but  never 
deserted  Canada  except  in  the  larger  interest  of  Canada,  which  is  i)eace. 
I  think  that  the  bluffy  element  of  Canada  has  occasionally  put  Canada 
to  a  bold  game  in  delusive  reliance  on  British  backing,  when  a  game 
quite  free  of  bluff  would  have  saved  more  of  the  Canadian  peltry.    Sir 
Thomas  l.ipton  understands  Americans.     Come  to  Yankees  saying.  "I 
want  a  fair  shake,  and  no  favor.  1   rely  on  you  to  give  it,"  and  you 
will  receive  it  every  time.    Bluff  them,  and  if  you  get  away  with  your 
boots,  it  will  be  because  you  hold  the  paramount  documents.    It  is  be- 

13 


cause  Canada  nilKlit  lie  newly  dlspoHed  to  rely  on  external  backinK. 
and  becatiHe  she  would  really  he  less  secure  of  sui*!  bac-kinK.  that  I 
think  she  would,  thron^h  imijerial  fedi-ration,  more  and  more  have  to 
pay  the  piper  for  the  tune  to  which  all  the  othi.-r  federated  ones  would 
dance  amiably  with  Incle  Sam.  Now  it  is  quite  likely  Canada,  which 
can  endure  a  good  deal  from  Father  John  Bull,  might  fling  out  of  the 
federation.  If  she  feit  sacrificed  to  its  Asiatic,  African.  Australian,  and 
Oceanic  members.  Far  better  she  should  never  go  in.  than  enter  only 
to  break  loose  again. 

But  that  is  far  from  Ixing  the  only  r-ason  Canadians  might  urge  for 
aversion  from  inipi-rijil  federation,  (a  iada"s  complicatinn  with  such 
a  federation  might  limit  her  future  power  to  enter  into  such  a  perfect 
peace  league  with  the  Kepublic  as  Canada's  peculiar  situation  requires. 
Thus  both  the  Dominion  and  the  Kepublic  would  have  to  forego  reali- 
zation of  the  vision  whii-h  was  pictured  by  John  Bright  in  tht.e  words: 

"There  cannot  be  a  meaner  motive  than"  some  which  then  impelled 
to  hope  "that  the  North  American  continent  should  be  as  the  continent 
of  Europe  is — in  many  States,  and  sub.lect  to  all  the  contentions  and 
disasters  which  have  accompanied  the  history  of  the  States  of  Europe. 
I  should  say  that  if  a  man  had  a  great  heart  within  him.  he  would 
rather  look  forward  to  the  day  when,  from  the  point  of  land  nearest 
the  pole,  to  the  shores  of  the  great  gtilf.  the  whole  of  that  vast  con- 
tinent might  become  one  great  ccmfederation  of  States — without  a  great 
army,  and  without  a  great  navy — not  mixing  itself  up  with  the  entan- 
glements of  European  politics— without  a  customs  house  inside, 
through  the  whole  length  and  breadth  of  its  territory — and  with  free- 
dom everywhere,  with  equality  everywhere,  law  everywhere,  peace 
everywhere — such  a  confederation  would  afford  at  least  some  hope  that 
Jlan  is  not  forsaken  of  Heaven,  and  that  the  future  of  our  race  may  be 
better  than  the  past." 

How.  it  may  asked,  can  one  entertain  that  noble  vision  and  yet  be 
opposed  to  political  union  of  the  Dominion  and  the  Republic?  Because 
politual  union  is  not  necessary  to  Its  realization.  Nothing  more  Is 
necessary  than  a  fair  degree  of  commercial  union,  with  an  agreement 
for  arbitrating  all  disputes.  Complete  commercial  union  is  not  neies- 
sary,  b\ii  only  a  large  measure  of  reciprocity,  and  that  permanently 
assured.  The  essential  thing  that  John  Bright  had  in  mind  was  an 
aTangement  for  securing  tieace  from  the  pole  to  the  gulf.  That  Is  the 
paramount  Interest  of  Canada.  It  is  the  paramount  Interest  of  the  Re- 
public. It  is  the  paramount  interest  of  Mexico,  as  President  Dla/.  em- 
phasized the  other  day  in  declaring  that  all  American  countries  should 
support  the  .Monroe  doctrine,  and  be  ready  to  back  It  up  against  out- 
siders. The  Monroe  doctrine's  main  purpose  Is  to  secure  peace  in 
America,  and  prevent  the  rise  of  such  militarism  as  curses  Europe. 
That  doctrine  should  be  as  dear  to  Canada  as  to  either  of  the  American 
repvibllcs.  Pertect  freedom  to  support  it.  freedom  t<j  aid  in  securing 
such  peace  to  all  America  as  John  Bright's  noble  spirit  desired,  could 
be  attained  by  Canada  Independent,  and  In  a  permanent  league  f)f  trade 
with  the  States.  It  is  conceivable  that  it  might  be  attainable  by  Can- 
ada in  Imperial  Federation  of  a  more  limited  sort  than  is  commonly 
sket'-hed.     But  would  it  not   be  very  unwise  for  Canada,  whose  para- 


i 

I 


14 


mdiint  Interest  Ih  peacr  with  the  Republic,  to  enter  Into  an  Imperial 
Federation  befon-  the  I'nlted  States  fhotild  ha%e  riearly  Indicated  a 
mind  to  enter  into  a  sort  of  outidde  partnership  with  the  whole  con- 
Kerles  of  other  countries  controlled  Ity   Engllsh-speakinK  men? 

in  all  this  vague  talk  the  vaRUc  sentiments  of  the  bulk  of  Canadians, 
both  Freni-h  and  BnRlish,  have  been  shadowed,  I  believe.  Oentlemcn, 
the  sentiments  of  Canadians  are  complicated,  because  their  situation  in 
the  world  is  complicated.  They  desire  all  the  amity  with  the  republic 
that  can  be  consistent  with  their  retention  of  the  Invaluable  system 
of  resp<msible  Rovernment.  and  that  retention  implies  political  separa- 
tion from  WashinKton.  There  are  good  reasons  for  thinkinR  that  politi- 
cal union  between  the  Dominion  and  the  Republic  might  he  a  misfor- 
tune for  both.  Canada's  entran<e  to  the  Union  could  come  about  vol- 
untarily only  as  the  result  of  Canadian  failure  in  the  extremely  inter- 
esting experiment  of  devising  institutions  suitable  to  two  main  diverse 
elements.  People  who  have  persisted  In  that  work  for  84-veral  genera- 
tions could  not  but  feel  a  certain  shame  in  having  proved  unequal  to 
the  tas  their  fathers  set  tliem  to  accomplish.  Did  English  and  French 
Canadians  come  in  to  escape  from  close  association  with  one  another 
they  would  enter  under  a  sort  of  discredit  and  contumely,  as  |)eople 
who  have  embraced  unwillingly  the  dernier  resort.  The  Republic 
would  scarcely  welcome  and  regard  with  delight  and  honor  new  part- 
ners who  were  conspicuous  for  having  bungled  their  own  business. 
Two  more  elements  of  mutual  cantankerousness  could  promise  the 
Union  few  l)lessings.  Again,  it  might  lie  a  misfortune  to  the  Republic 
that  the  system  of  responsible  government  should  not  be  successfully 
illustrated  next  door,  for  the  Republic  may  yet  profit  much  by  atudyln' 
that  system  at  close  range.  But.  above  all,  Canadian  failure  would  bi 
a  misfortune  if,  as  some  think.  Canadian  success  will  lead  to  an  inde- 
pendence of  harmonious  relations  with  the  British  and  American  Pow- 
ers at  once,  and,  under  the  providence  of  God.  l)ring  to  pass  a  virtual 
and  effe.'tive.  it  loose  and  novel,  union  l)etween  all  the  countries  of 
both  branches  of  the  English-speaking  world. 

Mow  could  Canadian  independence  serve  the  realizatltm  of  that  noble 
dr.  m?  Canada  independent  of  London,  Canada  independent  of  W.-sh- 
int^ion — how  could  the  wholly  separated  little  t)rother  <iraw  the  big 
ones  together?  Well,  that  is  not  thi-  variety  of  independence  I  am 
thinking  of.  Canada  could  become  Independent  of  London,  and  of  the 
electors  of  Great  Britain,  and  of  their  Parliament,  without  forsaking 
allegiance  to  the  ancient  crown,  a  i)olitical  emblem  to  whi<'h  Canadians 
inherit  as  much  right  as  Englishmen  have  in  it.  Let  the  Crown  be  ad- 
vised in  Canadian  matters  solely  by  Canadian  ministers  subjected  to 
the  sole  will  of  the  electors  of  Canada,  and  then  Canada  would  be  as 
independent  of  Great  Britain  as  Great  Britain  would  be  of  Canada. 
This  proposition  has  been  treated  as  fantastic.  Sir  Charles  Tupper. 
past  le:idcr  of  ii  C'liiiidiaii  lioveiiimeiit,  is  said  to  have  spoken  ot  li  as 
pertaining  to  the  politi<s  of  the  moon.  But  who  devised  itV  .Not  the  emi- 
nent Canadian  king's  counsel.  Mr.  John  Ewart,  who  has  argue<l  the 
matter  with  great  care  and  lucidity,  and  much  less  the  humble  scribe, 
but  not  Pharisee,  who  is  now  here  on  his  feet.  The  scheme  was 
broached  by  the  premier  of  the  great  colony  of  Victoria,  or  rather  by  a 

15 


Victorian  Royal  ComniUslon,  of  which  he.  Sir  (iavan  niiffy.  the  pre- 
mier, was  chairman.  That  ciminilsBlon  wafi  charged  with  the  duty  of 
reiRirtlnK  on  plann  for  the  Australian  federation  which  has  since  been 
constructed,  and  the  report  dealt  Incidentally  with  the  relations  of  the 
tolonles  to  the  crown.     The  report  saiti; 

"The  British  Colonies,  from  which  imperial  troops  have  heen  wholly 
withdrawn,  present  the  imprecedented  phenomena  of  responsibility 
without  either  correspondinK  authority  or  adequate  pmiection.  They 
are  a.  liable  to  all  the  hazards  of  war  as  the  I'nlted  Klnndom.  but  they 
can  Influence  the  cdmmencenunt  or  continuance  of  war  no  more  than 
they  can  c<m»rol  the  movements  of  the  solar  system,  and  they  have  no 
certain  assurance  of  that  aid  ajjalnst  an  enemy  upon  which  Integral 
portions  of  the  Tnltert  Kingdom  can  confidently  reckon.  This  Is  a 
relathm  so  wantinK  in  mutuality  that  It  cannot  be  safely  rcnarded  as  u 
lasting  one.  and  It  becomes  necessary  t(>  consider  how  It  may  l)e  modi- 
fled  so  as  to  afford  a  great  security  for  i>ermanen(  e." 

(You  may  find  what  I  am  ipiotlng  set  out  more  fully  on  page  H;i  of 
the  Conlemporai.     Kevlew  for  ISltn. )     The  report   proceeds; 

•It  has  been  proposed  to  establish  a  council  of  the  Empire,  whose  ad- 
vice mi  '  be  taKen  liefore  war  was  declared.  But  the  measure  Is  so 
forelRr.  i)  the  genius  and  tradition  of  the  British  constitution,  and 
presuppMses  so  large  an  abandonment  r)f  its  functions  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  that  we  dismiss  It  from  ((msideration.  There  remains,  how- 
ever, we  think,  more  than  one  method  by  which  the  anomaly  of  the 
present  system  may   be  cured. 

It  Is  a  maxim  of  internaiional  law  that  a  sovereign  State  cannot  be 
Involveil  in  war  without  its  own  consent,  and  that,  when  two  or  more 
States  are  sui.Ject  to  the  same  crown,  and  are  allies  in  peace,  they  are 
not.  therefore,  necessarily  associated  in  war,  If  one  is  not  depen.lent 
on  the  other.'  Here  the  report  cites  Vattel,  Wheatrm.  and  others,  on 
international  law.     It  goes  on; 

•if  the  Queen  were  authorized  t>y  the  Imperial  Parliament  to  ccm- 
cede  to  thi-  greater  cohmies  the  right  to  make  treaties,  it  is  c(mtended 
tiiai  they  would  fulfil  the  conditi(ms  constituting  a  sovereign  State  h> 
as  full  and  periect  a  sense  as  any  ol  the  smaller  States  cited  by  public 
jurists  to  illustrate  the  rul.>  of  limited  responsil)ility,"  The  report  then 
argues  that  other  States  world  recognl/e  neutrality  of  such  indepen- 
flencies.    Then  it  says; 

•Nor  would  the  recognition  of  the  neuirallty  of  the  self-governing 
robmles  deprive  them  of  the  power  of  aiding  the  mother  country  in 
any  just  and  necessary  war.  On  the  contrary.  It  would  enable  them  to 
aid  her  with  more  dignity  and  effect:  as  a  sovereign  State  co\ild.  of  Its 
own  free  will,  and  at  whatever  period  it  thought  prui>er.  elect  to  be- 
come a  party  to  the  war.  ' 

It  might  be  wrong  to  leave  nn  impression  thai  Sir  Gavan  Duffy  ad- 
vocated that  scheme  quite  unmodified  to  his  life's  end.  When  the  Idea 
of  Imperial  Federation  came  up.  he  grew  to  rather  like  it.  because  it 
seemed  to  implv  a  federation  of  England,  Scotland.  Ireland,  and  Wales, 
and  as  m\ich  Independence  for  Ireland  as  for  the  others,  B\it  Imperial 
federation  is  one  pair  of  sleeves  for  the  Australian  Commonwealth, 
•which   has   m.  powerfu!   kindred   nation   alongside    and   quite  another 


1« 


pair  for  Canada,  who».-  imraniount  IntereHt  Ih  and  fver  mwt  In-  t<>  re- 
main on  K'ood  tprnm  with  the  U.imiIiIIc.  It  1b  l)rtaiiH»'  the  Dominion, 
ir  IndPiM-ndent  of  the  VVextmlnHtfr  Hoiisfg,  but  Htlll  In  the  realms  of 
the  ancl.nt  Crown,  totild  enter  Into  any  wtrt  of  relatlonn  with  the 
States  thai  would  be  posslbl.-  to  any  other  Boxerelun  State,  that  Cana 
dlan  ln<le|)end.'n<e  of  that  sort  seeniH  peti  llarb    dewlrable. 

Canadian    Indepemltnce   under  the   Crown   would   mean   a   periMtual 
league  of  peace  with  Cireat   Uritain.     A  convention  of  peri>etual  eom- 
mer.e  and  amity  with  the  H.pul.ll.-  woulil  mean  a  peace  leaKue  of  North 
Amerl.a.     Canada  could  not  ko  to  war  with  either  relation,  but  wouUl 
be  free  to  join  either  In  war.    Indepentleni  politically  of  both,  she  would 
yet  be  lirmly  united  with  both,  and  sur.-ly  a  link  between  tliem.     It  i» 
worth  notluK  now  clearly  thlw  was  pen^eived  by  great  American  mer- 
cantile interests,  at   the  time  Sir  C.avan  Duffy's  ccminilssion  reported. 
His  scheme  was  then  tjenerally  discussed  In  the  British  and  American 
countries    and  as  Canada  then  s.  emed  lll<ely  to  become  soon  indepen- 
dent—that was  in  IH-o— the  New  Y<.-k  Chamber  of  Ccmimerce  proposed 
that  WashlnKton  should  nlve  certain  assurances  to  Canada  and  Great 
Britain      The  resolution  stated:    'It   may   be  Intimated,  in  an  entirely 
kind  spirit,  that   If  the  Ccmfederalion  to  the  north  of  us  could  obtain 
fnmi  the  Imi)erial   Covernment  a   Kuarantee  that   It   minht   preserv.-  a 
strict    neutrality   on   the   b.  ■qkiiiK   out   of   all    future  foreign    wars   In 
which  it  has  no    .jterest.  it  ii.lsht  .ount  (m  perpetual  peace  and  tran- 
iiuiliiy,  and  uuiuterrupied  cc.i.iUH'ni.il  relations  witli  the  Cultid  Si:iies 
States." 

That  was  a  recognition  that  the  Ftepubllc  could  and  should  enter  into 
a  peculiar  compact  at  <mce  with  (ireat  Britain  and  with  an  independent 
Canada  under  the  crown.  And  if  with  Canada  why  not  with  any  and 
everv  other  country  similarly  independent?  Such  a  c.mtinuance  under 
the  common  crown,  and  such  agreements  with  the  Kepublic  vvould 
amount  to  that  ^eneral  union  of  British  and  American  countries  whb-h 
would  be  so  beneficial.  That  union  would  be  a  loose  peace  leauue  of 
ln<lependencies.  and  all  in  su.li  separate  relati.ns  with  the  Repulilic 
and  with  one  another  that  none  coiild  be  embarrassed  by  such  cum- 
brous joltinK.  vast  and  Keneraily  paralyzing  ma.'hinery  as  seems  con- 
templated by  everv  scheme  for  imperial  federation.  \\e  mlKht  I'etter 
trust  to  the  peculiar  ptditical  ai)titude  of  Ensllsh-speaklnr'  mer  tree 

action  to  truly  common  purposes. 

In  that  resolution  of  the  New  York  Chamljer  of  Commer  .'ci- 

ple  was  obscurely  declared,  a  principle  which   if  the  Cnited  Si  .vould 

declare  it  distinctly,  might  have  the  happiest  effects.  It  is  the  principle 
that  geographiial  propin.iulty  is  a  reas.m  for  preferential  commercial 
relaticms  The  Repul)lic  may  l)e  said  to  be  founded  on  that  principle, 
as  between  its  sovereign  States.  Why  should  it  not  l)e  applied  moi-e 
widely"  Why  should  not  Washington  recognize,  what  all  reasonable 
beings  recognize  in  their  individual  concerns,  that  neighbors  ">ight  10 
be  treated  as  people  with  whom  i.leasant  relations  are  peculiarly  profit- 
able. iM.th  morally  and  financially.  Mr.  Blaim-  entertained  the  princi- 
ple, unless  I  mistake  the  meaning  of  his  moves  in  favor  of  reHprocltv 
among  all  American  countries.  Were  it  announced  by  \\a8hinKt(.n, 
were  it  acted  on  in  the  large  spirit  which  desires  to  give  genenmsly,  not 


17 


morHy  l...«..He  that  1»  a  tJt  .•.nir.e  for  the  Kr«te«t  an.l  *-»»hl*mt  mi 
be,-^»le  the  iH.U.y  at  glv.-  Implle*  .he  reward  of  Retting  much  from  th« 
voluntary  n-  o.l  wtll  of  the  pref.-rred  countrle..  then  we  .houl.l  Boon  le^ 
all  America  unlte.l  hy  commerce,  ami  far  more  firmly  than  ever  It  can 
hf  by  mere  political  Ixmils. 

Ah  to  Imperial  Ke«leratlon  it  appearis  to  me  that  the  greater  «uiea- 
Dieu  b'lleve  In  Mime  positUinH  that  may  l)e  thus  Htated.  ,  „     ,,  ^ 

1  There  can  be  no  us.-fHl  or  safe  union  of  the  majority  o.  hngllih- 
. waking  count. leg  unless  that  union  virtually,  however  tacitly.  InC.uU^B 
tiif  nlted  St»(eH.  Clearlv  evinced  Inlted  States  good  will  to  mrh 
union  \>t  n.ce-»ary  to  Its  Inlf  tlon  and  its  p.-rmanencp. 

;;  That  H.,ch  union.  If  a.-nnged  In  any  spirit  of  Jealousy  or  of 
guarding  against  the  predestlne.l  paramount  Influen.e  ot  le  Republic, 
would  probably  s.Min  bring  our  t>liow  countries,  all  over  the  world,  to 
the  brink  of  a  conflict  resembling  that  b.-twe.n  Rome  and  Carthage,  a 
.•onfllc.  in  w...<h  the  branches  of  the  race  might  so  f "»»*'y  *;*'*^:° 
one  another  that  the  paramount  Influence  of  the  whole  race  might  De 
long  post  pun.  (1,  If  not  forever. 

■!  That  a  all  the  great  empires  of  the  past  have  gone  down  b>  cen- 
trail/atlon.  and  as  the  English-speaking  power  has  thrived  by  decen- 
tralizatl.m,  we  s.-ould  lioldly  follow  the  course  that  has  pa  d  so  well, 
and  which  is  ih.  prop4.r  and  natural  expression  of  the  political  genius 
of  that  be-i  Kiigland-tlu-  Kuglairl  of  Ilampd.n.  iiud  I'yni.  and 
ihatluim.  !.nd  Hurkc  nn<\  WMshingtuii.  and  l.iu.olu.  and  Cladatoiip.  and 
Briglil  — wliiih  we  all  levere.  ,,  ,     ^    ,,„k 

We  English-speaking  men.  whatever  <.ur  origin,  be  It  English,  hcotoh 
IrWh  (Jerir.an.  French.  Yankee,  Austialian-we  cannot  agree  fn-ely  and 
pleasantly  and  tisefully  unless  as  Independencies,  Individual  or  of  .ocal 
conimunltl.s  or  nations.  We  are  so  made  that  we  cannot  reluxjuish  n 
any  distant  suiierior  power,  even  if  we  ourselves  create  It  In  some  hasiy 
moment,  the  c<mtr<)l  of  any  Important  part  of  our  Individual,  local,  or 
national  affairs.  Tpon  ..ur  liberty  to  act  together  as  the  spirit  moves  u» 
mav  depend  tne  continuance  of  our  disposition  to  act  together,  im- 
perial Federation  appears  a  scheme  for  checking  the  Innate  tendency  of 
our  people  to  local  an.l  national  independence,  which  limita'-oti  v.ould 
be  unreasonable,  since  the  comnum  action  that  It  propor,  s  to  secure 
would  surely  be  hindered  by  the  argle-bargling.  the  particularism,  the 
jealousy  for  local  and  national  Independency,  which  would  -  ver  oe 
evinced  in  crltl'-al  situations. 

Imperial  K.'deratl..ii.  a  vision  uf  sn-at  spl.'Udor.  wa-*  set  usefuU>  w- 
fore  the  Knglish-^peakiiig  world  at  a  critical  tim.-.  The  picturing  ot  it 
bv  enthusia-.ts,  servd  nobly.  It  impressed  the  concerned  peoi.le  more 
sfronu'lv  with  the  .sentiment  foi  standing  heartily  togeth.-r  und.-r  the 
ancient"  crown.  It  promoted  the  feeling  wlii.h  is  itself  union.  Ihus 
It  ett-cct..d  iis  rssential  purpose,  and  ivnde..;!  sunerflucus  the  formal 
bonds  wl.bb  it  proi>..sed.  Those  bond.,  might  but  embarn.ss.  and  so 
tend  to  disunit...  tb..  various  .-ommittees  which  are  more  il-e  y  a  a<  t 
toceth.r  cheerfully,  when  common  action  may  seem  cxpedi.'iit  in  pro- 
Stu".  to  .heir  independency.  In.ieed.  the  very  assumption  of  cer tain 
mpcrlal  r..<l..rationists  appears  to  .-ome  wh..  des.re  efl-e.tu..  l-"^lirn- 
s"  aking  union,  a  .ort  of  nn-lersigned  insult  to  the  many  Kngiands  rls  ng 
ami  arisen  in  ?h.'  world.  That  assimMi""  '-^  'hat  they  n.-e:l  and  e.er  shall 

IS 


.ja-'fi'-'^ff 


«nl!.  dear  to  our  tinJvHn.al  »"^fy»  ,•;"''„  "^  .  .ny  iM.n.l*.  I-^i  'hen.  »..• 
.n  ..arrBH*  brethren  by  •">'/''''''V!i  "  rLn  we  Hball  In-  able  to  prove 
,,,.1  to  .ee  «.  .H  '7  ";'^™':;;JS"e.*  whether  our  houU  ha., 
truly   wh.  ,..er  our  heart*  a"^*    "^^y*"  ^  ^Utory  in  only  a«  a  half- 

,,U.,i  or  nv..l,  whether  he  n.em..r>  <'  ''\;«7^;„,.^  nerloimly  en.lanKere.J. 
f„r«..tten  tale,  an.l   whether,    hat  ol     Ian  1  <  ,,,,^  ,n,...pen. 

w..  are  not  the  Htron«.r  an.l  'h''  r'"'  'j;  ^^  *;, .,  navlen  to  the  ^reai 
a.„,.y.  our  '''^'hrlKht-  H.ronKer  an.     2'J„^^^  „,,,,  ,     «, 

navv.  an<J  armies  to  th*"^ army  of  '*'"""^,p  '  ^at  Kav,.  the  prln.lpK"  of 
„„ne  on  behalf  of  the  'h"-    Ittle  o.untr  en  th^^t  ^^^^^^^^    ^^^,    ,,,^, 

free   Parllanient«  to  manKln.  1.     •'*'^^.  .■"*    ^■"^,.   ,;r..at    Britain    over- 

inlle,!   StateH   woul.lMan.lly     ""^'^.^.^"^^.j^hlnK  In  Du^ 

wheln.e.l?  What-  '■'•n'>"n.''«''^*'''-.* 'TK.Unburr  rumbliUB    with   rnntl- 

,,i„,„.k.    Hell    ^.:    .he  '""""Cr^loni  CnUi-ohIW 
nental  art  m.ry.  an.l  cant  leHiyarl-one  ^j^^.     ^^^ 

m  Hplke.l  helmets!  An.l  New  J^''^'  "";  ,  j^elr  Be.urltleH  an.l  tne 
won.lerln«  what  will  j^apin-n  to  h«.,r  trarte  ana  t^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^  ^,^,„„., 
women  <.f  their  own  kin!     Njn   r^     Ne    ^  „  .,,.h,..h  «eems 

fall  .-rmanently  un.ler  tae  away  of  that  ™"a  ^n„r„,„us  .lomlnation. 
,om.   >meH  to  .I..Blre  that  lor  ' ^^ /h. 'e  h^^J'^  \'^  ^ny  ,„-  of  the  ea  ,b. 

and  M''--'"n\""f"'l7;;\:i'ir;r';,.!:::,  me  ...  «lKnlty   'hat  Cana.la 
Of  c.mrse.  nobody   here   nah   """,,,,  „,at<u«     The  HUbject  Ih  llt- 
medltateH  any  lar^e  ^'^^^y  ^-^^^^^.^^.^       '^^  ^  to  be  put  undev 

tie  dlH.u-He.l  there,  ex.ept  In  pr  a  e^  kV  ,eratlonl.t.  attempt  t..  br.n^ 
Ken.'ral  dimuHsion  unless  •"^'"X^;";^^^,  „  t..  HownlnB  street.  Tbi. 
C'ana.la  into  «..me  n.-w  «..rt  '^^  ^^'l^'^'^^uln  of  Indepen.len.e.  and  also 
woul.l  brin«  -'-'ht  on  the  .^rpet  the  n^^eH^^^^^^^^^  ^.,„„„  ,„  „,.„in« 

that  of  fnlon  with  the  S  afn.     "^"^"''a    >  "^  ,^,  ,.„mplete  aut.m- 

ex.ept  a  «ll«ht  a.celeratlon  ..f  tha    slow   nu  ^.^^^,^^^,,  ,o„,UtU.n 

omy.  or  in.lependen.-e,  which  has  ''^^n     "^  ,,„Uti.s,  sal.l  nisraeii. 

ever  sin.'e  mi.  But  th..re  Is  n  ^^.^^  '",^^,J,\;,„'  „,  ,  „.a.,B..  a.ul  .  ir...-n. 
Klih.rtl...ln.perlallNMor:'tl.M.pi.-^r.m^«  "^  ,,.>adl.Kk   In  the  Do- 

J    their  .lispute  became  in.urable.  ml«n    n-ea1e  a    ^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^ 

minion  and  a  publl..  .lespair  'ha  ;^"'^'^^^,^*  ,'  ,,ee„  .,•  nishts.  n...hinK 
publi.-.  When  the  >'««:"""«';,;■•"  „^~  Canadian  intentl.m.  When 
oan  be  mor..  absent  than  annexa  <m  ^^^.^^"^.^  ,„„k«  relu.tantly  to 
they   raise  Cain,  then  tne  tana. ban  iimis  ^^^^„^.  ^,,^. 

Washington.  U  <r;:;;X:ii;rfloan?..f  Cana.ilan  sen,lm..n.  to  the 
ends.    That  seems  to  t*^^  ."-ub  smmn  a  individual  Cana- 

Domlnlon  and  the  R^I>>"''"  „inH  lians  wlM  come  .-..llecttvely  .mly  when 
.iians  feel  so  much  at  h"™^-  ^ana  Hans  wll    com  ^^^  ^^ 

their  .ountry   g.-ts  into  f^h  a  state  '  ^  «  political   life  In   It 

some  now  unforeseen  crisis    ^'-ough  jlng^^^^^^  ^.,„  ^^.^^  ,,rinK 

will  be  very  difficult.       ;'"'f,;:\\lVtlL7of  Canada  is  t..  ..mtlnue  U.ya 
Canada  to  that  pass.    I  think  the  ']^f^\''>  "[         ,.^  great  Britain,  linked 
io  the  Ancient  Crown,  linked  th'-"\'«»^.    ,^  "".  „;!;.^,  [,s.  link..d  ,imi  ally 
with  the  U.'publi.-.  Mud  tbn..sh  '"'l^l";"  ;■";  ''^.';;^a    God  bless  our  na- 
to  all  the  other  Independencies  of  our  race,     .ana  m. 

10 


tlvo  land,  may  yet  be  glorious  in  history  as  a  prime  motor  to  that  general 
union  of  English-speal<ing  men,  which  might  well  control  the  distracted 
world  to  a  millennium  of  Peace.  Ijring  to  pass  at  last  the  Christian 
dr4'am.  and  incline  all  human  beings  to  follow  sincerely  that  best  im- 
pulse of  ti.e  universal  heart,  which  is  to  do  unto  others  as  you  would 
they  should  do  unto  you. 


•W.  J.  O'DONNELL,  £•<{.. 

Trc.isur.T  of  Tlic  lutfrco'oniiil  Chil).  ^poko  as  follows: 
Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen:  — 

in  risiiiu:  to  move  .1  vote  of  tli.uiks  to  .Mr.  Tiuiiiison  for  his  instrue- 
tivf  Mililrc^s,  I  ciiiniif  .-iliow  the  opiHii-tuiiity  lo  p.-iss  without  iiiakiii;; 
a  few  comments  upon  that  interesting  topic  of  the  prol)able  political 
evolution  of  Canada.  It  is  a  question  which  ought  to  arouse  the  deep- 
est interest  of  the  Kiigliiii-^peiikiiig  world.  Yet  until  very  lately  it  has 
scarce  ever  been  taken  from  the  background  of  statesmen's  calcula- 
tions. I'ntil  almost  the  beginning  of  the  present  decade,  it  never 
seemed  to  have  occurred  to  England's  rulers  that  Canada  was  aught 
vl.se  but  the  fanciful  creation  |)oriraye(i  under  the  misnomer,  "Our  Lady 
of  the  Snows."  British  statesmen,  while  sqv  .ndering  millions  in  money 
and  tens  of  ilioiisan<ls  of  lives  to  bring  Africa  into  political  and  com- 
mercial relations  satisfactorv  to  their  aml)iti()ns,  have  ignored  the  in- 
cal  ul.-ibiy  superior  resources  of  lier  i|i!<  eiily  colony  in  North  .ViiieT'ica. 
Bit  the  truth  is  now  l>eing  forced  ui)on  them,  that  Canada's  ))otential 
wealth  of  mine  and  forest,  of  land  and  sea.  is  cai)al)le  of  supporting 
millions  in  comfort  and  prosperity.  Yet  it  is  not  alone  because  of  her 
va.'^t  undevoioped  resources  that  shf  is  now  attracting  attention.  She 
has  given  proof  of  a  vitality  in  the  development  of  her  great  North- 
west that  has  never  lieen  surjiassed,  if.  indeed,  ever  enualled  elsewhere. 
What  a  (luarter  of  a  century  ago  was  a  great,  lone  land,  a  silent,  unin- 
hal)ited  plain,  the  haunt  of  elk  and  deei-  and  Ijuffalo,  is  now  fast  be 
coming  the  granary  of  the  world.  When  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad 
was  planned,  there  was  not  a  town  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  Pacific 
sloi)e — today  towns  and  <ities  and  expansive  zones  of  cultivated  terri- 
tory all  along  that  vast  thoroughfare  Ijear  unmistakable  testimony  to 
the  resources  of  the  country  and  to  the  ingenuity  and  endurance  of  her 
hardy  and  thrifty  population.  Should  not  the  future  of  such  a  land  of 
promise  l)e  of  the  deepest  interest  to  us  all?  But  what  is  that  future 
likely  to  i)e?  Is  Canada  ever  iikel-  .  seek  political  unity  with  the 
Tnited  States?  Or  is  that  peculiar  onstruction  within  the  Elmpire 
known  as  Irap^'rial  Federation,  ever  to  materialize?  Or  will  Canada 
willingly  remain  indefinitely  an  integral  colonial  unit  in  the  vast  Em- 
piii''.'  Or  is  she  at  some  time  imi  too  leuidle  lor  our  i)reseiit  iMiuipauy 
lo  see  realized,  to  take  her  p'ace. 

"Broad-based  upon  her  people's  will." 
as  a  brigTit   particular  star  in  the  family  of  nations? 

2tl 


It  is  true  that  such  questions  may  1)p  ptirely  academic;  yet.  thouRh  a 
discussion  of  them  may  lead  to  no  practical  results.  It  cannot  but  aro.isc 
interest,  stimulate  thcmsht  and  inspire  patriotism.  I  believe  with  Mr. 
Thomson,  that  the  almost  unanimous  public  sentiment  of  Canada  is 
today  averse  from  annexati<m  with  the  Inited  States.  If  that  ques- 
tion were  to  be  submitted  to  the  Canadian  electorate  at  this  time,  there 
is  no  reason  to  pelieve  that  it  would  not  be  peremptorily  eliminated  as 
a  possibility  in  Canada's  future.  And  1  cannot  but  believe  that  such 
would  be  the  better  choice  for  the  people  on  both  sides  of  the  line. 
Each  country  has  its  own  domestic  i)roblems  arisinK  out  of  its  own 
peculiar  social  and  industrial  conditions.  an<l  it  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand how  a  better  solution  of  those  difficulties  could  be  secured  under 
the  proposed  chanse  than  at  present.  This  country  has  quite  enough 
on  its  hands  in  its  negro  problem,  its  industrial  situation  ever  growing 
in  intensity  and  in  the  spectre  of  Socialism  that  is  unmistakably  loom- 
ing in  the  distance,  without  inviting  the  complicatiims  that  would  in- 
evitably accompany  a  jjolitical  union  with  Canada.  On  the  other  hand. 
Canada  has  no  ambition  to  have  some  phases  of  our  modern  American 
industrialism  and  some  features  of  our  social  sores  introduced  to  dis- 
;inli  liei-  eini.Miiinitv.  Slie  is  s.itistied  nitlier  to  bear  ihe  Ills  she  liiis  tluiii 
fly  to  others  she  knows  not  of.  Canadians  are,  I  believe,  well  satisfied 
\vi;l:  llieir  pievcnt  eoiiditioii.*;.     l-'or 

"fdiiteiited  toil  and  hospitable  cin'. 
.\iHi  kiud  conuubiiil  tendenie.-s.  .ire  there." 

.\iid  they  are  not  disposed  t.i  exchange  their  simple  virtues  for  the 
highly  wrought,  complex  conditions  and  somewhat  artificial  prosperity 
that  would  be  given  them  in  return. 

I  am  not  forgetful,  however,  that  there  has  occasi(mally  broken  out 
what  seemed  to  be  a  widespread  demand  for  annexation,  and  it  may  be 
said,  as  history  is  likely  to  repeat  itself,  a  similar  demand  may  come 
again.  But  the  sentiment  for  annexation  was  never  based  \ipon  unsel- 
fish conviction,  and  it  never  had  more  than  a  fleeting  hold  upon  the 
jpiiliiie  mind.  II  was  but  a  leuipoiary  wave  and  left  lieliiud  it  sui.ill  re- 
sults. When  Sir  Richard  Cartwright.  in  an  address  delivered  in  this 
city  some  years  ago.  pictured  the  magnificent  tier  of  new  States  which 
Canada  wiiuld  make  along  llie  .N'ortberii  border  of  tlie  Kepnblic.  he 
m.-rely  exhibited  a  symptom  of  that  mental  unrest  that  is  apt  to  alTect 
the  political  wayfarer  in  his  uncertain  jourtiey  to  power  and 
prosperity.  Siiue  Sir  Kichard  has  again  come  to  what  he  even 
tiieii  ieg!i;<led  as  liis  own,  such  sentiments  would  dmibtless  be  charac- 
l<'rized  by  the  worthy  Kniglif  as  treasoii.ible.  The  i|Uestion  is  now 
et  little  interest  to  ( ■.inadians.  There  is  tiow  practically  no  sputiineut 
ill  favor  of  it.  atu!  th.iiigli  it  otn-e  bad  tiiaiiy  advocates  worthy  of  their 
fiietiieirs    steel,    they    are    iiow    a    hopeless   and    iiisigiiiticant    minority. 

r.iit.  (Je'itleiiien.  there  are  other  prospects  Indd  out  for  the  future  of 
Canada  and  one  of  them  is  that  peculiar  ligmeiit  of  the  br.iin  known 
as  Imperial  lederatioii.  It  lias  ie,-eived  at  .Mr.  Tlionison's  hands  su.-h 
a  k^eii  disse.  ti.iii  tlial  I  «b)  not  care  to  ask  you  to  linger  over  thf  de- 
parted to  rettcit  upon  its  virtues,  or  to  recall  its  withered  lj«'auty. 
if.  Iiidicd.  it  ever  bad  any  beauty.  I  have  never  been  abb-  t(»  learn 
what    telatioiisbip  the  C«donies  .ire  to   l>ear   towards  each   other  or   to 

21 


thf  miithci-  country  in  this  if.idjiistmcii!  liow  mucli  of  the  Iftii-;  'Uve 
fumfioiis  wiis  til  ill-  i-csi'ivi'il  to  tile  Coloiiips:  Imw  iniirli  to  lit-  tlii-owu 
into  thf  hotch-potch  Mt  \\  f^tniinstfr:  whetlicr  the  Colonics  ai'c  to 
:i(ivaiict"  one  step  or  to  recede  two  sti'ps  in  the  pi.in  of  readjustment. 
The  pliiii  was.  I  bejeve.  an  expedient  of  ;in  adroit  imperial  stnteimaii 
Willi  lias  never  heen  re}.':nde.l  ;|S  stronir  either  in  his  knowledge  of  the 
oast  or  in  his  consistency  in  relntion  to  the  present,  to  distnict  jitteu- 
tion  from  his  slnifllinjr  in  another  .luarter  of  the  >.'|olie.  It  did  have 
some  enthusiastic  advocates  in  tlu'  p;ist  luu  iliere  .ire  now  none  so  poor 
;is  to  do  it  reverence. 

Kut  is  ("anad.i  likely  to  remain  indetinitely  a  Colonial  di'peiideiipy? 
Kveti  though  her  sons  miiy  he  pretty  well  content  with  their  present 
measure  of  independence,  .-ire  they  likely  to  continue  satistied  with  it? 
I  trust  not.  .\Tid  gentlemen,  if  I  may  be  permitted  to  induliie  the  ex- 
pression of  a  fond  hope,  it  is  to  see  C:in,id:i  take  her  place  as  one  at 
the  council  baard  of  the  family  of  nations.  The  commercial  supremacy 
of  the  old  world  is  rapidly  yielding  to  the  new  and  the  highway  of  the 
World's  future  irattic  is  quickly  shifting  from  the  .\tlanti  ■  I  >  the  Pariti-. 
If  Canada  is  to  have  h«  r  sliare  in  the  development  of  the  trade  of  the 
ori.-nt.  she  must  be  in  a  position  to  treat  for  iierself  untrammel'tKl  by 
the  tortuous  diplomacy  of  Itownin«  Street. 

Moreover,  she  must  he  in  a  position  to  hold  out  something  better  than 
colonialism  if  she  is  to  attract  the  best  and  brightest  that  are  leaving 
the  older  countries  to  ■■>•<■]<  better  opportunities  in  the  newer.  Hut  more 
than  all  that,  her  own  chillren  will  never  reach  their  best  development, 
will  nev.'r  display  their  transcendent  abilitii's  till  tl bligatioiis  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  n.itionality  rest  u|  on  their  own  shoulders.  Now  in  all 
thi.s.  1  do  not  intimate  that  there  i.s  any  substantial  cause  of  cDmplainf 
at  Hritain's  present  treatment  of  her  colony.  Kut  even  with  that  con- 
cession, there  are  gentlemen,  and  perhaps  some  abcmt  this  board,  whose 
pro-Hritish  proclivities  are  so  acute  that  they  protest  against  any  inti- 
mation of  Canad.iV  assuming  the  obligations  of  nationalitv.  since  that 
ste|)  would  involve,  as  they  believe,  a  lessening  of  Britain's  imperial 
power.  They  are  willing  to  deny  them-elves  greater  opportunities  that 
other;  may  thrive  upon  tlieir  dependence.  Their  -eiisitiveiiess  upon 
this  point  is  but  a  symptom  of  a  pronouiired  provincialism  which  one 
taste  of  what  Hums  calls 

"The   g'orioii-    i)rivi!ege   of    being    indepi'iideiit" 
Would  promptly  cure. 

I  ilu  Hot  know  how  others  may  have  felt  when  th.^v  assum.'d  the  obli- 
giitionsof  .\merican  citi/.eiishi,);  but  for  myself.  I  can  truthfullv  sav  that 
when  I  repudiated  the  allegi.ince  to  the  .•<ovi.reigii  )f  Cleat  n'ritain 
which  that  act  involved.  1  did  so  without  bitterness  or  ill-will  towards 
aught  I  left  behind,  with  no  ^\i\vn  of  resentment  towards  th.-  old  land 
or  of  vaingory  in  the  new.  Yet.  as  I  retlei  ted  upon  the  signiticui  e  of 
what  the  change  meant.  I  coiiM  not  but  h,-  conscious  „f  ocupving  an 
entirely  diireient  status  in  the  body  politi.-.  It  was  an  ex<haiige 
of  the  a  legiaiice  of  a  colonist  to  iiis  sovereign  for  citizenship  in  a  Ke- 
public.  Th.it  may  appear  an  ovcr-ietinemei;,  .md  all  this  pure  eg..iism 
■^et  I  cannot  refrain  fn.m  adding  iliat  in  the  cliange  I  felt  that  I  hid 
turned  about  to  fac-  .1  phase  of  the  wo- id's  civilization  more  in  har- 
mony with  the  eqtialiiy  of  man  than  the  one  I  h.id  just  abandoned    that 


1  had  now  become  a  (•iii/..'ii  of  a  K.-publi  •.  that  1  liad  thereby  exiierieiiced 
H  new  civie  birfb.  fh  i  I  was  no  longer  the  subject  of  a  Sovereign  King; 
indeed,  thut  I  had  myself  now  become  a  veritable  sovereign — one  of 
tlie  sovereign  p.ople.  And  1  be  ieve  that  «'Very  fanadlau.  upon  finding 
himself  a  citizen  of  an  indepemlent  Canada,  would  at  once  realize  that 
he  had  thereby  acquired  a  n.w  and  greater  dignity.  He  would  feel 
himself  lifted  to  a  higher  plane,  his  outlook  would  be  broadeiie<i.  his 
syn'pathies  extended  and  deepened,  his  character  strengthened  and 
cubits  would  be  added  to  his  moral  and  inte'lectual  stature.  .\nd  as 
the  individual  citizen  would  thus  raise  to  grander  heights,  so  would 
th-  commonwealth  grow  in  strength  and  splendor.  Canad.i  indepeiuient 
would  quicklv  take  a  foremost  place  among  the  nations  of  the  earth. 
Krom  that  vanta^'e  ground  slie  would  challenge  the  attention  of  the 
o'der  nations  and  a  new  and  rich  page  of  human  activity  and  moral 
and  material  development  would  be  recorded.  .\iid  she  would  speed 
along  the  pathway  of  art,  science,  literature  and  commerce  to  a  national 
greatness  commensurate  with  the  resources  of  her  domain,  the  stability 
of  her  institutions  and  the  integrity  and  capacity  of  her  people. 


Mr.  HENRY  J.  CUNNINGHAM. 

of   the    Int-'fcolonial    flub,    spoke    as    fol'ow-: 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen:  — 

It  affords  me  much  pleasure  to  second  the  motion  made  by  Mr. 
O'Donnell.  One  of  the  chief  objects  of  this  club  is  to  advance  the  inter- 
ests of  those  of  our  fellow  citizens  who  share  with  us  the  distinctive 
attribute  of  a  common  birthplace.  Among  the  methods  which  we  have 
adopted  for  the  advancements  of  these  interests  is  the  enlightenment  of 
our  members  and  the  public  generally  on  the  relative  attractions  which 
the  land  of  our  adoption,  as  well  as  the  land  of  our  birth,  possesses  for 
us  and  our  families.  This  we  have  endeavored  to  do  by  inviting  from 
time  to  time  such  men  as  Mr.  Thomson  to  ad<lress  us  on  topics  which 
have  a  direct  bearing  on  our  organic  existence.  In  other  words,  we  feel 
that  we  have  a  case  to  present  to  both  the  people  of  Massachusetts  and 
of  Canada,  anil  we  are  seeking  the  services  of  the  very  best  attor- 
neys and   witnesses  to  present   our  cjise. 

The  speaker  this  evening  has  appeared  in  the  capacity  of  an  expert 
■witness,  and  I  say  it  without  fear  of  successful  contradiction  that  ne  is 
the  most  competent  we  have  yet  summoned  to  our  aid.  An  expert 
witness  to  be  competent,  must  possess  three  qualifications:  First,  he 
must  l)e  a  s'  ialist  in  his  line;  secondly,  he  must  possess  a  full  knowl- 
edge of  th<  .acts  in  the  case,  and  thirdly,  he  must  be  sufficiently  im- 
partial to  i  iibmit  these  facts  whether  they  are  prejudicial  or  otherwise 
to  the  side  which  has  enlisted  his  services.  That  Mr.  Thomson  pos- 
sesses these  qualifications  is.  1  think,  amply  proven  by  the  exhaustive 
addr.  ss  which  he  has  given  this  evening. 

It  might  interest  you.  my  friends,  to  know  something  of  the  remote 


and  Immediate  preparation  wliich  the  speaker  has  made  to  qualify  blm 
for  the  )>miii<>iit  position  which  he  occupies  today  among  the  pul>'..  • 
writfi-s  of  l)otli  Caiiaiia  and  the  New  Kiigl.'ind  States.  In  the  tii'st  pl.-n-e, 
he  has  inherited  a  goo(i  constitution,  a  fertile  l)rain.  a  sturdy,  indus- 
trious nattire,  and  a  character  which  is  distinctively  broad  and  cour- 
ageous. Born  in  Canada,  of  a  mixture  of  Scotch  and  Irish  stock,  he 
was,  at  the  age  of  less  than  sixteen,  a  soldier  in  the  army  of  the  North 
in  that  pathetic  conflict  which  resulted  in  preserving  the  inteurity  of 
this  great  Republic,  and  banishing  from  this  hemisphere  tlie  entire 
system  of  slavery  as  a  legalized  institution.  After  an  extended  resi- 
dence among  us  as  one  of  our  honored  citizens,  he  returned  to  the 
country  ot  nis  l)irth  to  pursue  the  occupation  of  journalism,  in  which 
profession  he  had  already  gained  prominence  here.  His  natural  inde- 
pendence of  character  and  experii.'in'e  among  the  public  men  of  this 
country  made  it  easy  for  him  to  assume  a  point  of  view  on  the  ques- 
tion ol  moment  at  the  Canadian  opital  which  won  for  him  the  admira- 
tion and  interest,  not  only  ot  Canadians,  but  of  Americans  of  various 
political,  social  and  economic  tendencies.  As  a  result  of  a  set  of  quali- 
fications which  have  made  him  of  such  value  to  us  this  evening,  he 
has  earned  the  reputation,  through  the  columns  of  the  Boston  Trans- 
cript, as  its  (Mt;lW;i  (Ollespondent.  of  being  one  ..f  the  keenest  and 
most  impartial  observers  oi  Canadian  public  questions  who  is  today 
contributing  to  the  press  of  either  country.  In  the  won's  of  Lord  Ma- 
cauiey,  "He  is  tenacious  of  his  own  views  and  tolerant  towards  those 
of  others, 

I  ha\e  little  t(j  say  regarding  the  sentiments  which  Mr,  Thomson  has 
expressed  this  evening,  except  it  be  to  endorse  them  practically  in  to'o. 
1  was  iiarticularly  impressed  with  ills  views  regarding  the  future  of 
Canada.  I  thinu  his  objections  to  an  Imperial  Federation  are  both 
logical  and  timely,  Canada  is  today  in  a  stage  ot  development  which 
demands  that  sue  cultnat.  a  system  of  commercial  iuiercoursc  with  the 
outside  world  which  will  draw  her  closer  to  the  mother  country  and 
through  the  mother  country  to  the  other  colonies  of  the  British  Empire, 
or  one  which  will  afford  her  an  opportunity  to  develop  her  own  indiud- 
uality,  thus  laying  the  toundation  of  that  almost  absolute  indei)endence 
which  is  so  lervently  desired  by  so  many  of  her  best  citizens  today. 

As  for  myselt.  I  see  nothin,!i  for  Canada  in  an  Imperial  Federation, 
On  the  contrary.  I  see  much  in  Mr.  Thomson's  theory  that  Canada,  be 
cause  of  her  geographical  situation,  can,  by  developing  a  co-operative 
system  of  commerce  with  her  neighbor,  the  United  States,  increase  in 
influence  and  population  without  incurring  the  <lispleasure  of  ai.y  one, 
Tiiis  is  in  a<'cordanie  with  the  spirit  of  the  tinies,  Tlie  doctrine  of  the 
Fatherhood  of  Go,i  and  the  brotherhood  of  man  has  so  permeated  mod- 
ern society  that  we  find  all  classes  of  men  ready  to  rise  above  the  petty 
differences  ot  sect  and  creed  and  s<"  ial.  as  well  as  iiolitical  affiliations, 
in  order  to  unite  with  their  fellow  niiin  in  the  attainment  of  a  common 
good. 

Theri'  is,  therefore,  n)  reason  why  Canadians  and  American;  should 
not  live  together  as  bro.hers,  making  the  successes  of  one  the  joy  of 
the  other  rn<i  the  misfortunes  of  either  the  sorrow  of  both  great  fami- 
lies.    The  iloser  trade  relations   whic  i   are   bound    to  come  about    be- 


_'t 


tween  these  two  countries,  ih.-  tinamial  interests  which  '-apit*  '^^s  «^« 
aamiming  simultane.nisly  ..n  both  sides  of  the  line,  the  ^""st""  jn'S™- 
tion  from  one  country  to  the  other  of  the  most  cherished  sons  and 
d°'.Khters  of  Loth,  are  circumstances  which  cannot  ^"'V?  .  f  .,^  a„^ 
a  ..  th.'  rnited  States  together  in  the  bonds  of  eternal  friendship  and 
iniituiil  good  will. 


CHAS.  H.  McINTYRE.  Ksc|., 

Vict-rn'sidciit  of  the  ••aniidian  Club  of  Boston,  <poke  as  follows: 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen:  — 

Although  no  harm  can  com.-  from  a  discussion  of  this  topic,  I  am 
inclined  to  thinU  that  "The  Future  of  Canada"  needs  a  rest.  Too  many 
dilletante  writers  and  thinkers  are  forever  dabbling  into  a  8ut)ject  which 
in  the  main  is  settled.  American  writers  and  the  American  press  are 
prone  to  arrange  Canada's  aftairs  in  a  manner  eatjsfat'tory  to  their  own 
ideas,  without  much  regard  to  the  views  of  Canadians  or  those  of  the 
British  people.  So  far  a^  Canadians  in  this  country  are  concerned,  the 
matter  must  necessarily  be  an  academic  one.  as  in  the  nature  of  things 
our  attention  must  be  mainly  given  to  the  land  of  our  adoption. 

Stripped  of  all  literary  verbiage,  the  gist  of  Mr.  Tnomson's  argument 
is  for  an  independent  Canada  under  the  C'own  of  Great  Britain  acting 
upon  the  sole  advice  oi'  a  Canadian  ministry.  To  quote  his  words, 
••Canada  wou.d  be  as  independent  of  Great  Britain  as  Great  Britain 
would  l)e  of  Canada."  •Canadian  independence  under  the  t'rown. 
would."  he  thinks,  •'mean  a  perpetual  league  of  peace  with  Britain.  A 
convention  of  perpetual  commerce  and  amity  with  the  Republic  would 
mean  a  peace  league  of  North  America.  Canada  could  not  go  to  war 
with  either  relation.  Init  would  l)e  free  to  .join  either  in  war.  Indepen- 
dent politicallv  of  both,  she  would  yet  be  firmly  united  with  both,  and 
surely  a  link"  between  them."  "The  d.'Stin-  of  Canada,"  says  Mr. 
Thcmison  ••is  to  continue  loyal  to  the  ancient  Crown,  linked  through  it 
alone  with  Great  Britain,  linked  with  the  Republic  through  Independent 
agreements,  linked  sim^Tly  to  all  the  other  independencies  of  our 
race  "    Such  i>  the  sc'  iroposed  for  our  consideration. 

Is  it  feasil)le.'    I  ani  •.     It  simply  menns  in  the  last  analysis  that 

the  so-called  indepeni;  anada  would  i       -.e  independent,  but  a  mere 

annex  to  the  Cnited  S.  a.es.  Having  thn.»n  oft  her  connection  with 
Great  Britain,  she  would  becom  -  at  once  a  seccmd  Cuba  with  a  string 
to  her.  .She  would  be  under  the  domination  of  the  Republic  from  first 
to  last,  and  the  moment  she  attempted  to  show  her  independence,  it 
would  be  gone. 

The  .\Ioiinie  Hoctrhie  won  d  be  no  defence  to  Canada,  except  when  it 
suited  the  foiei-n  policy  of  the  fiiited  State:^,  When  that  policy  ran 
(ouiiier  10  the  wishes  of  raiiail;!  her  snpi)o^e;l  protection  would  inst.mtly 

dis:ipi)e!ir.  ,  ,,  .    , 

•Today  in  Cuba."  savs  Warden  Allan  Curtis,  the  well  informed  corres- 
pondent'of  the  Boston  Trans<'ript,  'thi'  American  Peril  is  the  one  most 


Important  thought  in  the  puhllf  mind."  The  Spanish  families  have  heen 
rooted  out  and  •Americans  have  tal<en  their  place.  Americans  who  wall< 
about,  tallting  of  the  hastening  time  when  tht-  American  l>lg  sticiv  will 
deal  the  little  repul)llc  a  coup  de  grace,  Americans  who  look  curiously 
when  not  contemptuously  on  the  native.  To  the  Spaniard,  with  his  air 
of  ownership  and  being  of  the  ruling  race,  has  succeeded  the  American 
Not  only  his  speech,  but  his  very  walk,  indicates  a  belief  that  Cuba  is 
a  subject  land.  The  Cuban  sees  American  pioneers  raising  AmerLan 
towns  in  tne  wihlerness.  he  sees  American  capitalists  Imying  the  culti- 
vated lands  and  the  natives  mere  helots  on  their  estates.  He  sees  the 
seat  of  government  itself  made  an  American  winter  resort,  witli  the 
imminent  relegation  of  native  society  to  that  humble,  lielow-stairs  posi 
tion  wnich  resident  society  occupies  in  any  winter  or  summer  resort." 
However  pleasing  it  may  l)e  to  enumerate  the  l)enefits  which  the 
United  States  has  conferred  on  Cuba,  there  is  no  question  that  the  little 
republic  exists  by  sufferance  of  its  giant  neighbor.  So  it  would  be  ex- 
actly with  an  imlependent  Canada  under  the  Crown.  Let  those  Cana- 
dians who  think  that  they  are  now  hampered  under  the  British  rule, 
try  the  new  experiment  and  see. 

Suppose  that  she  undertook  to  negotiate  a  commercial  treat v  with  a 
foreign  nation,  the  terms  of  which  discriminated  against  the  Republic. 
How  long  do  you  think  the  Americans  would  permit  such  a  c(mdition 
of  affairs  to  lust?  No  matter  how  good  the  reasons  might  appear  to 
Canadians  for  such  a  treaty,  it  could  not  be  successfully  carried  out. 

Or,  let  us  suppose  that  Canada  had  a  Ijoundary  or  fisheries  dispute 
with  I'nde  Sam.  If  the  latter  declined  to  arbitrate  it— as  he  would  be 
very  apt  to  do- -what  would  Canada  do  then?  How  much  better  would 
she  fare  than  i.  associated  with  Great  Britain?  Or.  suppose  again,  that 
Canadians  resented  the  paternal  influence  of  the  Monroe  doctrine  over 
their  affairs,  and  started  to  build  a  navy  for  their  own  defence  How 
long  do  you  think  it  would  be  allowed  to  grow?  To  what  extent  could 
Canada  deal  independently  with  Newfoundland?  In  short,  conceive 
of  any  Canadian  policy  which  did  not  run  parallel  with  American 
wishes,  and  you  at  once  create  a  situation  whi-.'h  means  collision,  sharp 
and  fundamental.  To  .i.iiceive  it  is  to  condemn  it.  for  (•.•in.id.i  would 
no  longer  have  the  i)restige  and  the  power  to  back  up  her  demands 
Her  [wasted  independence  would  be  l)Ut  a  name.  These  suppositions 
are  not  imaginary,  but  are  liable  to  become  real  conditions  anv  day. 
Mr.  Thomson  is  no  doubt  since:  p,  but  his  proposal  is  simply  a  half-way 
house  to  annexation,  it  has  not  been  thought  out  to  its  logical  conse- 
quences. It  is  a  dangerous  and  impossible  scheme.  The  link  of  an  in- 
dependent Canada  to  the  Crown  is  a  figment  of  the  imagination.  If 
Canadians  went  thus  far,  they  would  undoubtedly  go  farther  and  cut 
the  painter  entirely.  There  is  no  middle  ground  between  genuine  alle- 
giance and  at)solute  independence. 

Again,  the  experience  of  other  nations  who  have  tried  this  plan  is 
not  satisfactorj-.  The  best  examples  of  dual-monarchies  are  those  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  and  Austro-Hungary.  In  the  former  we  have 
two  sovereign  countries  united  tinder  one  Crown  with  separate  legisla- 
ttires.  For  ninety  years  there  has  been  constant  friction  between  them, 
and  at  the  present  moment  they  are  quarreling  over  the  consular  ser- 
viie  and  other  features  of  national   life.     Notwithstanding  the  indus- 


trioiiB  and  law-al)i«linK  qualities  of  tli.'  Scandinavian  people,  tlieir  ex- 
periment has  not  been  a  suicss.  Tlie  .■xi)erience  of  Austro-HiinKary 
has  been  even  less  satist'actorv.  One  emperor  over  two  independent 
(•ouiitrie-  ha-s  not  reconcile  1  their  inml)!es.  I'rictlon  and  mis- 
uiidcrsiaiidinn  bonleriuK  ti  <ivil  war  lia<  bc.ii  the  normal  iic- 
couip.iiiimeni-i  i>l'  their  iiiiinn  under  one  fmwii.  Their  ani- 
mosities have  l)ecome  chronic.  It  is  all  very  pretty  to  picture  out 
Canada  as  the  beautiful  and  independent  young  lountry  of  North 
America.  But  her  position  beside  a  great  and  powerful  rival  forever 
forbids  it.  She  is  not  \U<.e  Belgium  or  Switzerland,  protected  by  the 
mutual  jealousy  of  the  great  powers.  She  must  recognize  her  circum- 
stances and  the  decrees  of  fate.  If  we  believe  in  annexation  to  the 
Kepublic,  let  us  say  so,  instead  of  approaching  it  by  a  process  of  indi- 
rection. 

Is  the  proiHisal  of  .Mr.  Thomson  desirable?     I    likewise  answer  No. 
Where  is  the  pra<'tical  grievance  today  under  which  the  Canadian  people 
live?     It  may  be  said  that  appeals  to  the  Privy  Council  have  caused  a 
bungling   of  Canadian    laws,   or   that    Canada   should    frame   her   own 
treaties.     But  the.sc  appeals  can  be  limited  without  any  such  scheme  of 
independence,  and  as  for  the  negotiation  of  treaties.  Canada  has  always 
be.'n  re|)re.sente(l.  and  during  recent  years  she  has  had  a  predominant 
voice.    There  is  no  question  but  what  her  wishes  are  the  decisive  factor 
in  any  treaty  which  i)rimarily  affects  her  <lominion.     On  this  point   I 
do  not   overlook  the  Alaska   boundary  affair.     In   all   commercial   and 
political  matters  she  is  i)ractically   independent   today.     Rut   the   nego- 
tiation Id  treaties  is  an  act  of  sovereignty  which  recpiires  the  power  to 
enfia-(e  them.     Does  she  i)ossess  it  today?    This  alone  slie  derives  from 
her  association  will;  C.reat  Britain  as  the  sovendgn  power  over  British 
Iioniinions.    She  could,  of  course,  negotiate  treaties,  just  as  Belgium  and 
Holland  do.     But  in   her  jieciiliar    -ircumstances   I   hold  that   she  needs 
the  power  of  Creat   Britain  and  the  British   Navy  to  strengthen  and 
ilignify  her  diplomatic  arm.     While  tact  and  conciliation  must   always 
l)e  employed,   the   reserve   fiu'ce   l)ehind    them   speaks   with    convincing 
power.     I    do  not   share  the   view  that   Britisli   diplomacy   has  always 
neglected   Canada.     In   some  instances  this   may   liave   l)eeu   true.     But 
Canadians  must  not  expect  too  mu(  h.     They  must  not  expect  a  poor  or 
weak  case  to  be  prosecuted,  even  by  Great   Britain,  to  success.     Believ- 
ing, as  1  do,  thai  they  are  a  reasonable  people,  I  am  confident  that  this 
bugalxio  as  to  the  treaty-making  power  cannot  be  manufactured  into  a 
real  grievance.     Turn  it   as  we  may.  there  is  no  "casus  lielli"  against 
Ihe  mother  country.     Everything  that  Canada  desires  today  by  the  sub- 
stantial \oiee  of  her  Parliament  and  i)eoi)le.  she  can  obtain,  if  it  is  in 
the  power  of  (ireat  Britain  to  confer.     Independence    under  the  Crown, 
would   in  no  conceivable  circumstances  give  her  more,  and  in  dealing 
with  powerful  nations,  she  would  probably  get  much  less  .'onsideration. 
If  all  nations  and  individuals  were  pleasant  and  generous,  doul)tless  a 
little  imlependent  Canada  might  get  on  lomfortably  and  well.     But   as 
long  as  selfishness  dominates  the  policy  of  men  and  nations,  the  only 
thing  that  commands  respect  for  a  nation's  wishes  is  the  ability  and 
I)ower  to  make  them  effective. 
The  future  of  Canada  does  not   worry   me.     From  all   the  evidence 


available,  it  appears  f(i  nu-  tl.at  her  settled  coiirge  1m  to  grow  along 
present  lines  within  the  Eniplrr  ami  not  out  of  It.  She  will  Braiiually 
assume  greater  influence.  She  has  been  the  pioneer  In  the  Preferential 
Poliry  which  Is  spreading  to  other  self  governing  colonies.  They  will 
eventually  compel  the  mother  country  to  follow  Milt,  and  thus  a  vol- 
untary basis  for  commercial  union  will  be  established.  Out  of  the 
Colonial  I'onferences  will  grow  more  frequent  meetings  and  gradually 
some  form  of  Imperial  Council  for  Imperial  purposes  will  develop.  We 
need  not  be  in  a  hurr>.  .Mr.  Thomson  believes  that  "we  are  so  made 
that  we  cannot  relinquish  to  any  distant  superior  power,  even  if  we 
ourselves  create  it  in  some  mad  moment,  the  center  of  any  important 
part  of  our  individual,  local  or  national  affairs."  This  I  altogether 
deny.  On  the  ccmtrary.  I  affirm  that  the  history  of  the  American  I'nion 
is  a  complete  refutation  of  thi.-i  doctrine.  The  Continental  Congress 
proved  to  be  a  failure,  and  so  was  the  Confederation  jirior  to  the  adop- 
tion i>f  the  Ciiiistiiutiou  In  the  early  stu.ues  of  their  develupmeut,  the 
coloiiiei;  le.iMcd  hard  on  State  rights  and  refused  to  surrendi'r  their 
privilege<.  They  quarreled  with  eaih  other  over  their  public  lands, 
;ind  even  in  filce  of  ho-illle  forces  were  slow  to  submit  to  the  I'ederal 
I'nion.  Hut  it  tin.-illy  cime.  :ind  the  Civil  War  cemented  it  as  one  and 
iiisepar.ible.  Kaili  .state,  of  ne.  essity.  had  to  i:ive  up  certain  ,i«pira- 
lions  for  the  common  good.  So  it  h.is  been  with  the  Canadian  Confed- 
ernlion.  No  Sl.-ite  or  ri'ovince  is  free  to  do  ;is  It  likes.  There  is  iind 
must  be  !in  org.-inic  rninn  whiiii  i*  -supreme  ovei'  .-ill  loe.-il  and  provincia' 
all'air-^. 

So  it  is  with  Ini))erial  I'nion  or  Federation.  I'roi)erl.\  understood  it 
need  not  infringe  in  the  slightest  de.gree  upon  the  local  autonomy  of 
Canada.  But  wnile  I  believe  in  the  principle  of  local  freedom.  I  believe 
also  in  the  desiraliility — nay.  the  necessity,  of  some  form  of  Imperial 
I'nion  for  great  and  siipriiue  purposes.  There  is  a  sane,  as  well  as  an 
insane.  Imperialism,  and  I  decline  to  aecejjt  a  cooked-ij])  set  of  objec- 
tions which  have  no  application  lo  the  case.  I  say  that  ther"  is  a 
leasihle  and  sensil)le  union  of  the  various  parts  of  the  British  Kmpire 
that  in  the  course  of  tinit  can  be  effected.  The  people  inhal)iting  those 
«reat  regions  oi  the  earth  have  ever.vthing  to  work  witli.  and  if  they 
throw  away  those  immense  resources  and  o|)p(U'tunities  by  allowing 
tlieni  to  dissolve  into  a  set  of  Utile,  separatist  and  clashing  states,  they 
will  prove  a  race  of  intellectual  and  moral  pooh-bahs  unfit  for  Domin- 
ion or  tlie  government  of  the  finest  patrimony  which  Coii  has  couferrtd 
up  in  men. 

iVith  regard  to  Mr.  Thomson's  main  argument  that  Imperial  Feder- 
ati  n  would  bring  Canada  more  quickly  into  collision  with  tlie  Cnited 
St  .es.  I  am  still  unconvinced,  of  lonrse.  if  you  start  with  tlie  as  'imp- 
tion  that  I'ncle  Sam  nnist  be  gratified  in  any  event,  there  is  litii.  use 
in  iliscussing  the  <iuesiion.  I  do  not  see  how  Canada  united  with  the 
iCnipire  need  crea'i-  more  trouble  than  if  slie  were  independent — ihat  is, 
supposing  she  were  allowed  to  have  any  •,  iews  of  her  own  at  all.  Creat 
Britain  and  her  colonies,  if  they  exi)ect  to  become  a  real  enipiri'.  nnist 
make  lip  their  niin<ls  to  organize  primarily  for  their  own  good,  and  not 
for  thai  of  outside  nations.  Obviously  it  should  be  done  with  »U)  spirit 
of  hostility   lo  the   Kepublic.     There   is  every   reason   why   the   Kmpire 


2H 


Hhoiild  be  (in  friendly  terms  to  the  I'nlted  States  and  that  frlemlshtp 
tihould  be  fherl»heri. 

UiiniiliiK  all  through  Mr.  Thoniwoii'ft  :iddrt'>-*.  I  rt-Kret  to  *i't'  ii  luck  <>( 
constructive   ideas.     The   whcile  temlency   of   his   proposal    is   towards 
dislnteRration.     "The  very  assumption  of  the  Imperial   Federationisf," 
he  says,    is  a  sort  of  insult  to  the  many  EuRlands  rising  and  arisen  in 
the  world."     Why  so?    Where  is  their  genuine  freedom  and  hap|)infss 
to  be  curtailed?    In  what  respect  will  their  civic  and  intellectual  life  tie 
impaired?    "In  uni(m  there  is  strength,"  is  an  old  maxim,  and  it  is  Just 
as  true  of  the  British  Empf''  as  of  any  other  <'oilection  of  States.     Its 
free  and  unhampered  Tnion  is  not  an  impossibility.     If  its  statesmen 
are  possessed  with  great  and  ex|)ansiv.>  ideas,  the  progress  of  time  will 
liring  us  nearer  to  it  every  year.     Steam  and  electri<-ity  have  annilii- 
lated  space.     The   various  parts  of  th"  Empire  are  visibly  growing  up 
with  a  common  intenst  in  tlieir  destiny.    Who  can  say  what  the  womli 
of  the  future  will  bring  forth?     Let  us  not  be  too  hasty  or  unduly  dis 
couraged.     I  believe  tliere  is  something  good  as  well  as  mighty  in  the 
combination  of  British  possessions  over  the  globe.     I  lielieve  that  their 
union  can  be  wrought  out  alo.:g  lines  of  freedom,  mutual  respect  and 
good  will.     I  believe  that  their  intimate  comiiination  is  no  menace  to 
the  liiitfd  Siiites.  The  best  iiitc  rests  of  the  .\iiieilctin  I'niiiU  will  be  dear 
to  a  1  Ibiir  i;iiglish-spe;il<iiig  liretlireu  Ihroughoul   the  woi'ld.  .-uid  smne 
day  the  citizens  of  the  Repulilic  will  recognize  that  fact.     It   is  entirely 
possible  for  the  people  living  beneath  the  two  different  flags  to  maintain 
their  sejiarate  organic  unions,  and  yet  cordially  co-operate  for  the  great 
ends  of  humanity.     The  schism  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  ra<'e  is  there,  and 
so  far  as  i  can  see  will  so  remain.     It  is  useless  to  ignore  it.     But   just 
as  two  l)rothers  who  have  sprung  from  the  same  family  generally  man- 
age their  domestic  affairs  much  better  apart,  so  will  the  Tniteil  States 
and  the  British  Empire  manage  their  national  affairs.     Each  is  devel- 
oping free  institutions  in  a  difteient  mould.     It  is  not  liest  for  thi'  Ile- 
p'.^ldic  to  have  everything  iter  cwn  way.  neither  is  it    well  for  Britisli 
rule  to  enjoy   a  monopoly.     There  is   no   necessity   for  an  alliance   be- 
tween  tneni.     Each  confederation   must   preserve   its   independent   free- 
dom of  action,  each  must  be  the  tinal  judge  of  its  own   poli<y.     In  the 
harmony  and  friendship  of  eciuais  1   see   no  peril,  but  a  guarantee  ot 
peace  aiu!  trancpiility  over  tlie  finest   regions  of  the  earth.      For  tliese 
reasons   I   am   no   iconoclast    of   British    Dominions.     1    am    likewise  no 
detract!  r  of  tlie  .American  I'nioii.  in  who.se  glorious  mission  1  firmly  be- 
lie\c.     But  .lust  as  that  rnion  lias  arisen  over  the  ashes  of  State  Bights 
and  a   Southern  Confederacy,  so  1  am  confident   an  Imperial    Inion  of 
British  States  can  be  gradually  accouiplished.  if  statesmm  are  ecpial  lo 
their  oiipoitunities.     In  my  vision.  1  would  cherish  for  England's  Domin- 
ions.    what    Webster   did    for   the    Uepubli< — "When    my    eyes    shall    lie 
turned  to  behold,  for  the  last  time,  the  sun  in  the  lieavens.  may   I   not 
see   him   shining  on   the   liroken   and   dishonored    fragments   of   a   once 
glorious  I'nion;  on  States  dissevered,  discordant,  belligerent;  on  a  land 
rent  with  civil  feuds,  or  drenched,  it  may  be.  in  fraternal  blood!     l.ct 
their  last  feelile  and  lingering  glance  rather   iiehold  no  such  miserable 
interrogatory   as   'What   is  all    this    worth?'   nor   these   other   words   ot 
delusion    anil    folly.    'I.ilierty    first    and    I'nion    afterwards.'    but    every- 
where, spread  ail  over  in  (  haiacters  of  living  light,  ■Liberty  and  I'nion, 
now  and  forever,  one  and  iuseiiarul'le.'  " 


W.  BKNNETT  MUNROK.  PH.  D.. 

liiMiiiirior  III  iJ.iVHiiiniriii  .It  lluivjird  iiiiv,  rsity.  ami  ritHid.'iit  of  The 
llai'vanl  r.-inaillHii  t'hiii.  sp  )k<'  In   pan  as  fiilluw: 

Mr.  I'rfsident  and  (ipntlenun:  — 

The  logical  and  <lispa8si<inate  analysis  ot  I'anadlan  stMitinient  to- 
wards the  rnitfd  States  whh-h  has  been  presented  tii  us  in  Mr.  Thom- 
son's paiier  must  assuredly  kIvi-  satlsfai  tion  to  those  of  us  who  com- 
l)in.-  a  loyal  interest  in  the  land  of  our  doniliile  with  a  natural  affec- 
tlon  for  the  land  of  our  birth.  The  lordiality  of  iontem|)oiarv  Cana- 
dian seiitluieiit  I.iw.llds  the  ISepilbllr  is  espe.i.illy  s.lllsl'aetorv  ill  that 
it  arises  largely  from  a  recoKnition  by  the  piople  of  Canada  that  their 
li'>l  pidii;.  .-il.  s:)e;;i|  iMiil  ('riiiioiHJi'  i  iil4'ic  .|<  r:iii  lii>  served  "Illy  thniilKll 
the   m.lilllelljlli.e  of  tlie   •entente  .    ildiille"    with    the    lliited    States         It 

is  in  niiitiiality  of  interests  that  the  best  basis  of  permanent  friendship 
are  laid:  other  liases  are  ,ipt  to  be  transit. ny  ,,iily. 

That  Canada  should  have  passed  the  greater  period  of  her  history 
with  a  strong  iinderiiirrent  ..f  unfriendly  feelini,'  towards  her  ponderous 
neiKhbor  may  now  be  deplored:  her  doinK  so  was.  however,  not  without 
e.xplanation  or  reason.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  two  eountries 
spent  their  early  yeiirs  hi  the  bittere-t  of  hostilities:  the  herelitary 
enmity  of  tJaiil  and  Saxon  was  leprodiieed  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
in  liie  border  striiKKles  of  New  France  and  New  Kn^land.  The  French 
Caii.idi.iii  .pf  the  old  rei;ime  |e;iiiie(!  lo  hati>  the  New  l-jiuliiiiiler  ;is  the 
iMsti;;;llo|-  of  all  Ille  di  tli'lllt  les  emolllileied  by  bis  |;|,i.  in  its  eiiileji  v.ir 
to  create  a  Hourbon  and  Catholi.'  einiiire  beyond  the  seas.  For  the  ex- 
liulsion  of  France  from  North  America  his  resentment  was  direeted 
nor  so  much  anainsT  Kurfland  herself  as  anainst  the  American  off- 
spring of  KuKland  for  wh>ise  direct  benetii  the  concpiest  of  New  France 
had  been  undertaken  and  acconiplished.  It  Is  no  marvel,  therefore,  that 
the  Il.ibiiaiii.  diiriim  the  Kev.iiiiiiiiii.ny  War.  shnwed  linl,.  desire  to 
link  his  fortunes  with  traditional  enemies. 

The  niiKration  of  the  Loyalists  moreover,  added  to  the  population  of 
Canada  a   larpe  and   infliuntial    body  of  men    who   had   little  reason   to 

.  iptiTt.iiii   lri«iidl.\    leeliii-s  towards  the  | pie  ,,{  \U,-   land   ulii.li   they 

had  just  left.  .Many  of  these  transmitted  to  their  sons  and  mand.sons  a 
leuacy  of  bitterness  and  supiilied  a  leaven  of  animosity  wliich  served 
very  distinctly  to  i;iould  public  opinion  more  particularly  in  I'pper 
Canada  durini;  the  earlier  years  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Then  the  War  of  1M2-1SI.">  served  to  unite  tlie  various  provinces  in  a 
defensive  and,  to  Canadians,  an  unjust  war.  The  war  served  to  crystal- 
lize and  to  intensify  the  traditional  antipathy  of  both  sections  of  the 
Canadian  peopb'  towards  the  Americans.  Students  of  history  have  not 
always  sufficiently  re.osnized  that  one  of  the  chief  bonds  between  the 
French  anil  English  |iopiilations  of  Canada  durinj;  the  first  (piarter  of 
the  nineteenth  century  was  their  common  animosity  towards  the 
Cnited  States.  A  little  later  when  the  two  races  can.e  into  political 
broils,  each  raised  asainst  the  other  the  boney  of  American  intervention 
as  a  means  of  enforcing  its  demands. 


i!<» 


But  the  laMt  tnree  or  four  Kenpratlons  havp  Ht-ei;  a  markPfl  (leparture 
from  thp  old  si-ntlment:  the  historical  uroiinilH  of  entrannement  are 
bwonilnR  fornotten.  There  hax  I  en  a  reoaHtlnK  of  Canadian  feeling 
lowanlrt  thi-  mniher  cuiniiry  (liirliin  thN  period  n*  weP.  The  IioiiiIh  of 
sentimental  attachment  to  PZnKland  have  been  supplanted  by  the  much 
stronger  ties  of  common  political,  social  and  economic  interests.  These 
latier.  too,  have  served  to  bridKe  the  (dd  gulf  between  Canada  and  her 
nearest   nelnhhor. 

From  an  economic  standpolni.  the  present  political  |>osltion  of  the 
Dominion  is  a  very  desirable  one;  she  receives  the  maximum  of  protec- 
tion, security  and  freedom  of  action  at  the  minimum  of  cost.  So  long 
as  the  economic  motive  Is  dominant  In  the  minils  of  men,  those  who 
wotild  convince  Canadians  of  the  advisability  of  any  change  In  the 
p<.  Itic  1  status  of  the  Dominion  may  reasonably  hope  for  success  only 
III  !*ii  far  H.'  ilipy  ■■nil  present  i herewith  .-iitiiie  ecuiiiMuie  ariaiiKi'iiieiit 
more  favorable  than  that  wh'ih  Canada  now  enjoys.  To  do  this  will 
not  lie  easy:  mid  until  it  Is  dune,  sihemes  looking  townrds  altered  ixill- 
tlcal  relations  either  with  KnKland  or  the  I'nlted  States  will  come  In  for 
little  serious  oonslderatUm. 


31 


i 


.1 


The  Intercolonial  Club  of  Boston 

was  organijed  under  the  laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts 

August  22,  A.  D.  190). 

J^   ^   Jk 

Its  membership  b  nude  up  of  persons  born  In  the  Marttime  Provinces, 
and  their  scms,  irrespective  of  birthplace,  residing  in  Massachusetts,  and  who 
are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  who  have  declared  their  fcoiia  Me 
mtenticm  of  becoming  citizens. 

The  objects  of  the  Club  are  social  and  educational  work  among  its 
members,  and  the  inculcation  of  a  spirit  of  broad  and  disinterested  civic 
duty  in  the  community. 

The  Qub  owns  the  property  situate  at  214-216  Dudley  Street,  Boston, 
on  which  a  commodious  hall  and  finely  equipped  club  house  is  to  be 
erected. 

The  Officers  and  Board  of  Directors  are  as  follows :  John  A.  Campbell, 
President ;  A.  C  Chishohn,  1st  Vice-President ;  Joseph  Fortune,  2d  Vice- 
President;  W.  J.  O'Donnell,  Treasurer;  D.  J.  Chisholm,  Secretary; 
W.  D.  MacDonald,  Financial  Se,:retary ;  Neil  McNeil,  Henry  J.  Cunningham, 
Thomas  E.  Johns,  R.  J.  McCormack,  M.  D.,  D.  A.  McDonald,  and 
H.  Judson  Smith. 

All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  D.  J.  Chisholm,  Secretary, 
Stoughton,  Mass. 


PtkMM  OF  ■DWARO  DUNN.  TEH  tTATB  STRCKT.  MtTON 


